transformation model prepared by NGUYEN HUU QUOC - 1 - MODEL- TENSES Model 1: began S + started + V- ing + ago ⇔ S + have/ has + V 3 / V- ed + for commenced He began working in this factory five years ago → He has worked in this factory five years ago They have lived there for two years. → They started living there two years ago Model 2: Began in S + started + V- ing + on (time) ⇔ S + have/ has + V 3 / V- ed + since commenced at They started playing games at 5 o’clock. → They have played games since 5 o’clock. We began learning English in 2005. → We have learned (learnt) English since 2005. Model 3: S + no longer + V + ( O/C/A) S + used to + V + (O/C/A) ⇔ S + V (not ) + (O/C/A) any more S + often/ always V 2 / V- ed + ( O/C/A) He used to sleep in class. → He no longer sleeps in class./ He doesn’t sleep in class any more. He usually ate in class when he was young. → He used to eat in class when he was young. Model 4: S + have/ has not + V 3 / V- ed + since/ for → It is + time + since S +V 2 /V ed I haven’t seen my farther since last month. → It’s one month since I (last) saw my father. Tom and Marie have been keypals for two years. → It is five years since Tom and Marie were keypals. Model 5: S + have/ has (not) + V 3 / V- ed. (before) → It’s the first time S + have/ has + V 3 /V- ed. (never) Jason hasn’t met that man here before. → It’s the first time Jason has met that man here. I have never read this book (before). → It’s the first time I have read this book. Model 6: S + have/ has not + V 3/ed + since/ for → S + last V 2 /V ed WHEN S +V 2/ed → The last time + S +V 2/ed + was I haven’t heard him since August. → The last time I heard him was in August. I haven’t seen him since I was a student. → I last saw him when I was a student. * Notes: Since 6 o’clock → at 6/ since August/ 2005 → in August/ in 2005 Since Monday → on Monday/ since last week → a week ago. Since + S + V → when S + V 1 transformation model prepared by NGUYEN HUU QUOC - 2 - Model 7: S + have/ has ( not) + V 3/ed for (time) → It is (time) since S ( last) + V 2 /V- ed I haven’t seen her for three weeks. → It’s three weeks since I last saw her. Jason has learned Vietnamese for two years. → It’s two years since Jason began to learn Vietnamese. * We can add “ began or started” – instead of “ last” to verbs with progressive nature; learn, study, work, lie, sit, stay, wait Model 8: Hardly/ Scarcely had + S a + V 3/ed when S b + V 2 /V ed + S a + had hardly/ scarcely + V 3/ed when S b + V 2 / V ed + No sooner had + S1 + V 3/ed than S b + V 2 / V ed + . S a + had no sooner + V 3/ed than S b + V 2 / V ed + He had hardly seen me when he ran away. ↔ No sooner had he seen me than he ran away. Scarcely had Jason sat down when the phone rang. ↔ Jason had no sooner sat down than the phone rang. Model 9: be be S + 〉 used to + V- ing / N ⇔ S + 〉 accustomed to + V- ing / N get get John is accustomed to swimming every day. ⇔ John is used to swimming every day. Model 10: S + V 2 + not until S + V + / until + phrase ↑ ↓ It was not until S + V / phrase that S + V + Emma didn’t begin to read until she was ten. → It was not until Emma was ten that she began to read. The carpenter didn’t finish his work until Monday. → It was not until Monday that the carpenter finished his work. Model 11: S+ V + ( O/C/A) time ⇒ It will take/ takes/ took + (O) + time + to V The flight to Paris lasts 12 hours. → It takes 12 hours to fly to Paris. They spent two hours solving this problem. → It took them two hours to solve this problem. Model 12: After S + had +V 3/ed , S + V 2 /V- ed ⇒ After V-ing , S + V 2 /V- ed After he had finished the book, he went to bed.⇒ After finishing the book, he went to bed. (* S1 = S2) 2 . transformation model prepared by NGUYEN HUU QUOC - 1 - MODEL- TENSES Model 1: began S + started. in 2005 Since Monday → on Monday/ since last week → a week ago. Since + S + V → when S + V 1 transformation model prepared by NGUYEN HUU QUOC - 2 - Model 7: S + have/ has ( not) + V 3/ed