ADVANCES IN STEEL STRUCTURES Proceedings of The Second International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures 15-17 December 1999, Hong Kong, China Volume I ADVANCES IN STEEL STRUCTURES Proceedings of The Second International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures 15-17 December 1999, Hong Kong, China Volume I Elsevier Science Internet Homepage http://www.elsevier.nl (Europe) http://www.elsevier.com (America) http://www.elsevier.co.jp (Asia) Consult the Elsevier homepage for full catalogue information on all books, journals and electronic products and services. Elsevier Titles of Related Interest CHAN & TENG ICASS '96, Advances in Steel Structures (2 Volume Set) ISBN: 008-042830-4 MAKELAINEN ICSAS '99, Int Conf on Light-Weight Steel and Aluminium Structures ISBN: 008-0430147 SRIVASTAVA Structural Engineering World Wide 1998 (CD-ROM Proceedings with Printed Abstracts Volume, 702 papers) ISBN." 008-042845-2 OWENS Steel in Construction (CD-ROM Proceedings with Printed Abstracts Volume, 268 papers) ISBN: 008-042997-1 FUKUMOTO Structural Stability Design ISBN: 008-042263-2 USAMI & ITOH Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures ISBN: 008-043320-0 BJORHOVDE, COLSON & ZANDONINI Connections in Steel Structures III ISBN: 008-042821-5 FRANGOPOL, COROTIS & RACKWITZ Reliability and Optimization of Structural Systems ISBN: 008-042826-6 TANABE Comparative Performance of Seismic Design Codes for Concrete Structures ISBN." 008-043021-X Related Journals Free specimen copy gladly sent on request." 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ADVANCES IN STEEL STRUCTURES Proceedings of The Second International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures 15-17 December 1999, Hong Kong, China Volume I Edited by SLChan and JGTeng The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Organised by Department of Civil and Structural Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Sponsored by The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers 1999 ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM 9 LAUSANNE 9 NEW YORK 9 OXFORD 9 SHANNON. SINGAPORE. TOKYO ELSEVIER SCIENCE Ltd The Boulevard, Langford Lane Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 9 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. The papers presented in these proceedings have been reproduced directly from the author's 'camera ready' manuscripts. As such the presentation and reproduction quality may vary from paper to paper. 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First edition 1999 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for ISBN: 0 08 043015 5 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in the Netherlands. Preface These two volumes of proceedings contain 9 invited keynote papers and 126 contributed papers presented at the Second International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures held on 15-17 December 1999 in Hong Kong. The conference was a sequel to the International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures held in Hong Kong in December 1996. The conference provided a forum for discussion and dissemination by researchers and designers of recent advances in the analysis, behaviour, design and construction of steel structures. The papers presented at the conference cover a wide spectrum of topics and were contributed from over 15 countries around the world. They report the current state-of-the-art and point to future directions of structural steel research. The organization of a conference of this magnitude would not have been possible without the support and contributions of many individuals and organizations. The strong support from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Professor M. Anson, Dean of the FaTculty of Construction and Land Use, and Professor J.M. Ko, Head of the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, has been pivotal in the organization of this conference. We also wish to express our gratitude to the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers for sponsoring the conference and the Local Advisory Committee for mobilizing support froTm the construction industry and government departments. Thanks are due to all the contributors for their careful preparation of the manuscripts and all the keynote speakers for their special support. Reviews of papers were carried out by members of the International Scientific Committee and the Local Organizing Committee. To all the reviewers, we are most grateful. We would also like to thank all those involved in the day-to-day running of the organization work, including members of the Local Organizing Committee and secretarial staff in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering. Finally, we gratefully acknowledge our pleasant cooperation with Dr. J. Milne and Mrs R. Davies at Elsevier Science Ltd in the UK. S.L. Chan J.G. Teng This Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left BlankThis Page Intentionally Left Blank INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE H. Adeli, H. Akiyama, M. Anson, P. Ansourian, J. Arbocz, R. Bjorhovde, M.A. Bradford, R.Q. Bridge, C.R. Calladine, S.F. Chen, W.F. Chen, Y.K. Cheung, C.K. Choi, M. Chryssanthopoulos, A. Combescure, S.L. Dong, P.J. Dowling, M. Farshad, Y. Fukumoto, Y. Goto, P.L. Gould, R. Greiner, P. Grundy, G.J. Hancock, J.E. Harding, K.M. Hsiao, J.F. Jullien, S. Kato, S. Kitpornchai, V. Krupka, T.T. Lan, S.F. Li, R. Liew, Xila Liu, Xiliang Liu, L.W. Lu, Z.T. Lu, E. Lui, P. Marek, S. Morino, D.A. Nethercot, G.W. Owens, The Ohio State University University of Tokyo The Hong Kong Polytechnic University The University of Sydney Delft University of Technology University of Pittsburgh University of New South Wales University of Western Sydney University of Cambridge Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology Purdue University The University of Hong Kong Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Imperial College Laboratoire de Mechanique et Technologie Zhejiang University University of Surrey EMPA Fukuyama University Nagoya Institute of Technology Washington University, St Louis Technisce Universitat, Graz Monash University University of Sydney University of Surrey National Chao Tung University INSA Lyon Toyohashi University of Technology University of Queensland Institute of Applied Mechanics, Vitkovice Chinese Academy of Building Research Tsinghua University National University of Singapore Tsinghua University Yianjin University Lehigh University South-East University Syracuse University Academy of Science of the Czech Republic Mie University University of Nottingham Steel Construction Institute USA Japan Hong Kong, China Australia Netherlands USA Australia Australia UK China USA Hong Kong, China Korea UK France China UK Switzerland Japan Japan USA Austria Australia Australia UK Taiwan, China France Japan Australia Czech Republic China China Singapore China China USA China USA Czech Republic Japan UK UK vii J.A. Packer, S. Pellegrino, E.P. Popov, J. Rhodes, J.M. Rotter, H. Schmidt, G. Sedlacek, S.Z. Shen, Z.Y. Shen, T.T. Soong, S.S. Sridharan, N.S. Trahair, T. Usami, A. Wada, F. Wald, E. Walicki, D. White, F. Williams, Y.B. Yang, R. Zandonini, S.T. Zhong, University of Toromo University of Cambridge University of California, Berkeley University of Strathclyde University of Edinburgh Universitat Essen RWTH Aachen Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Tongji University Suny, Buffalo, NY Washington University, St Louis University of Sydney Nagoya University Tokyo Institute of Technology Czech Technical University Technical University of Zielona Gora Georgia Institute of Technology University of Wales National Taiwan University University of Trento Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Canada UK USA UK UK Germany Germany China China USA USA Australia Japan Japan Czech Republic Poland USA UK Taiwan, China Italy China viii LOCAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chairman: Members: A.S. Beard F.S.Y. Bong A.K.C. Chan H.C. Chan Y.L. Choi W.K. Fung M. Harman I. Kimura M.H.C. Kwong C.K. Lau S.H. Ng W. Tang H. Wu J.M. Ko The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Mott MacDonald Hong Kong Ltd. Maunsell Consultants Asia Ltd. Ove Amp and Partners (HK) Ltd. The University of Hong Kong Buildings Department, HKSAR Government Architectural Services Department, HKSAR Government British Steel (Asia) Ltd. Nippon Steel Corporation Scott Wilson (Hong Kong) Ltd. Highways Department, HKSAR Government Hong Kong Housing Society The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon Canton Railway Corporation ix . ADVANCES IN STEEL STRUCTURES Proceedings of The Second International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures 1 5 -1 7 December 19 99, Hong Kong, China Volume I ADVANCES IN STEEL STRUCTURES. ISBN: 00 8-0 4283 0-4 MAKELAINEN ICSAS '99, Int Conf on Light-Weight Steel and Aluminium Structures ISBN: 00 8-0 43 014 7 SRIVASTAVA Structural Engineering World Wide 19 98 (CD-ROM Proceedings. from paper to paper. ADVANCES IN STEEL STRUCTURES Proceedings of The Second International Conference on Advances in Steel Structures 1 5 -1 7 December 19 99, Hong Kong, China Volume I Edited