© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco ConfidentialBSCI 1 BSCI Module 8 Lessons 1 and 2 Explaining IPv6 IPv6 Addressing IPv6 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BSCI 2 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com Objectives  Explain the need for IPv6 address space.  Explain how IPv6 deals with the limitations of IPv4.  Describe the features of IPv6 addressing.  Describe the structure of IPv6 headers in terms of format and extension headers.  Show how an IPv6 address is represented.  Describe the three address types used in IPv6. © 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BSCI Module 8 Lessons 1 and 2 3 Introducing IPv6 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BSCI 4 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com Why Do We Need a Larger Address Space?  Internet population –Approximately 973 million users in November 2005 –Emerging population and geopolitical and address space  Mobile users –PDA, pen-tablet, notepad, and so on –Approximately 20 million in 2004  Mobile phones –Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry  Transportation –1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008 –Internet access in planes – Example: Lufthansa  Consumer devices –Sony mandated that all its products be IPv6-enabled by 2005 –Billions of home and industrial appliances © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BSCI 5 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 IP Address Allocation History In 1981, IPv4 Protocol was published. In 1985, about 1/16 of the total IPv4 address space was in use. By mid-2001, about 2/3 of the total IPv4 address space was in use. © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BSCI 6 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com IPv6 Advanced Features Larger address space  Global reachability and flexibility  Aggregation  Multihoming  Autoconfiguration  Plug-and-play  End to end without NAT  Renumbering Simpler header  Routing efficiency  Performance and forwarding rate scalability  No broadcasts  No checksums  Extension headers  Flow labels © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BSCI 7 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com IPv6 Advanced Features (Cont.) Mobility and security  Mobile IP RFC-compliant  IPSec mandatory (or native) for IPv6 Transition richness  Dual stack  6to4 tunnels  Translation © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BSCI 8 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com IPv4  32 bits or 4 bytes long • 4,200,000,000 possible addressable nodes IPv6  128 bits or 16 bytes: four times the bits of IPv4 • 3.4 * 10 38 possible addressable nodes • 340,282,366,920,938,463,374,607,432,768,211,456 • 5 * 10 28 addresses per person Larger Address Space ~ = ~ = ~ = ~ = © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BSCI 9 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com Larger Address Space Enables Address Aggregation  Aggregation of prefixes announced in the global routing table  Efficient and scalable routing  Improved bandwidth and functionality for user traffic © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BSCI 10 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com Self Check 1. How much of the address space was in use by mid- 2001? 2. How many bits are included in an IPv6 address? 3. How will IPv6 enable smaller routing tables in Internet routers? 4. Why is NAT not a requirement for IPv6? [...]...  x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x is a 16 -bit hexadecimal field  Leading zeros in a field are optional: 20 31: 0 :13 0F:0:0:9C0:876A :13 0B  Successive fields of 0 can be represented as ::, but only once per address Examples: 20 31: 0000 :13 0F:0000:0000:09C0:876A :13 0B 20 31: 0 :13 0f::9c0:876a :13 0b FF 01: 0:0:0:0:0:0 :1 >>> FF 01: :1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0 :1 >>> : :1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 >>> :: BSCI © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc All rights... IPv6 Addressing BSCI Module 8 Lessons 1 and 2 © 20 06 Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved Cisco Public 11 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Simple and Efficient Header A simpler and more efficient header means:  64-bit aligned fields and fewer fields  Hardware-based, efficient processing  Improved routing efficiency and performance  Faster forwarding rate with better scalability BSCI © 20 08... from 32 to 12 8  The IPv6 header has 40 octets and is simpler and more efficient than the IPv4 header  IPv6 addresses use 16 -bit hexadecimal number fields separated by colons (:) to represent the 12 8-bit addressing format  The three types of IPv6 addresses are unicast, multicast, and anycast BSCI © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com 33 IPv6 BSCI Module. .. www.bkacad.com 12 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy MTU Issues  Minimum link MTU for IPv6 is 12 80 octets (vs 68 octets for IPv4) –On links with MTU < 12 80, link-specific fragmentation and reassembly must be used  Implementations are expected to perform path MTU discovery to send packets bigger than 12 80 BSCI © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com 13 CCNP... of an address and is used for special purposes BSCI © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com 30 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Required IPv6 Addresses for Nodes  As soon as the node is IPv6-enabled, i t has one linklocal address per interface, one loopback address, and al l -nodes multicast addresses FF 01: :1 and FF 02: :1 BSCI © 20 08 Cisco Systems,... addressing For each unicast and anycast address configured on an interface of a node or router, a corresponding solicited-node multicast address is automatically enabled The solicited-node multicast address is scoped to the local link  The solicited-node multicast address consists of the prefix FF 02: :1: FF00:0000 /10 4 and the low-order 24 -bit of the unicast or anycast address BSCI © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc... BSCI © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com 25 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Multicast Assigned Address BSCI © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com 26 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Solicited-Node Multicast Address  The second type of multicast addressing is solicited-node multicast addressing. .. Field in IPv6 © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com 14 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy IPv6 Extension Headers Simpler and more efficient header means:  IPv6 has extension headers  IPv6 enables faster forwarding rate and end nodes processing BSCI © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com 15 CCNP – BSCI... www.bkacad.com 31 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Required IPv6 Addresses for Routers BSCI © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com 32 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Summary  IPv6 is a powerful enhancement to IPv4 Features that offer functional improvement include a larger address space, simplified header, and mobility and security  IPv6... Khoa - www.bkacad.com 21 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa Networking Academy Aggregatable Global Unicast Address  Aggregatable global unicast addresses are IPv6 addresses used for the generic IPv6 traffic on the IPv6 Internet  Each aggregatable global unicast IPv6 address has three parts as below: BSCI © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc All rights reserved Học viện mạng Bách Khoa - www.bkacad.com 22 CCNP – BSCI Bachkhoa . 19 85 19 90 19 95 20 00 20 05 2 010 IP Address Allocation History In 19 81, IPv4 Protocol was published. In 19 85, about 1/ 16 of the total IPv4 address space was in use. By mid -20 01, about 2/ 3 of the. address. Examples: 20 31: 0000 :13 0F:0000:0000:09C0:876A :13 0B 20 31: 0 :13 0f::9c0:876a :13 0b FF 01: 0:0:0:0:0:0 :1 >>> FF 01: :1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0 :1 >>> : :1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 >>> :: © 20 08 Cisco Systems,. for IPv6? © 20 06 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public BSCI Module 8 Lessons 1 and 2 11 Defining IPv6 Addressing © 20 08 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.BSCI 12 CCNP – BSCI