19-1 CHAPTER 19 Multinational Financial Management  Multinational vs. domestic financial management  Exchange rates and trading in foreign exchange  International money and capital markets 19-2 What is a multinational corporation?  A corporation that operates in two or more countries.  Decision making within the corporation may be centralized in the home country, or may be decentralized across the countries the corporation does business in. 19-3 Why do firms expand into other countries? 1. To seek new markets. 2. To seek raw materials. 3. To seek new technology. 4. To seek production efficiency. 5. To avoid political and regulatory hurdles. 6. To diversify. 19-4 What factors distinguish multinational financial management from domestic financial management? 1. Different currency denominations. 2. Economic and legal ramifications. 3. Language differences. 4. Cultural differences. 5. Role of governments. 6. Political risk. 19-5 Consider the following exchange rates US $ to buy 1 unit Japanese yen 0.009 Australian dollar 0.650  Are these currency prices direct or indirect quotations?  Since they are prices of foreign currencies expressed in dollars, they are direct quotations. 19-6 What is an indirect quotation?  The number of units of a foreign currency needed to purchase one U.S. dollar, or the reciprocal of a direct quotation.  Are you more likely to observe direct or indirect quotations?  Most exchange rates are stated in terms of an indirect quotation.  Except the British pound, which is usually in terms of a direct quotation. 19-7 Calculate the indirect quotations for yen and Australian dollar # of units of foreign currency per US $ Japanese yen 111.11 Australian dollar 1.5385  Simply find the inverse of the direct quotations. 19-8 What is a cross rate?  The exchange rate between any two currencies. Cross rates are actually calculated on the basis of various currencies relative to the U.S. dollar.  Cross rate between Australian dollar and the Japanese yen.  Cross rate = ( Yen / US Dollar ) x ( US Dollar / A. Dollar ) = 111.11 x 0.650 = 72.22 Yen / A. Dollar  The inverse of this cross rate yields: 0.0138 A. Dollars / Yen 19-9 Orange juice project: Setting the appropriate price  A firm can produce a liter of orange juice and ship it to Japan for $1.75 per unit. If the firm wants a 50% markup on the project, what should the juice sell for in Japan? Price = (1.75)(1.50)(111.11) = 291.66 yen 19-10 Orange juice project: Determining profitability  The product will cost 250 yen to produce and ship to Australia, where it can be sold for 6 Australian dollars. What is the U.S. dollar profit on the sale?  Cost in A. dollars = 250 yen (0.0138) = 3.45 A. dollars  A. dollar profit = 6 – 3.45 = 2.55 A. dollars  U.S. dollar profit = 2.55 / 1.5385 = $1.66 [...]... = t - period forward exchange rate e 0 = today' s spot exchange rate k h = periodic interest rate in home country k f = periodic interest rate in foreign country 1 9-1 8 Evaluating interest rate parity Suppose one yen buys $0.0095 in the 30day forward exchange market and kNOM for a 30-day risk-free security in Japan and in the U.S is 4% ft = 0.0095 kh = 4% / 12 = 0.333% kf = 4% / 12 = 0.333% 1 9-1 9 Does... dollars 1 9-2 3 What impact does relative inflation have on interest rates and exchange rates? Lower inflation leads to lower interest rates, so borrowing in low-interest countries may appear attractive to multinational firms However, currencies in low-inflation countries tend to appreciate against those in high-inflation rate countries, so the effective interest cost increases over the life of the loan 1 9-2 4... $1,059.07 30-day return = $59.07/$1,000 = 5.907%, nominal annual return = 12 x 5.907% = 70.88% 1 9-2 1 What is purchasing power parity (PPP)? Purchasing power parity implies that the level of exchange rates adjusts so that identical goods cost the same amount in different countries Ph = Pf(e0) -ORe0 = Ph/Pf 1 9-2 2 If grapefruit juice costs $2.00 per liter in the U.S and PPP holds, what is the price of grapefruit... agreed-upon date in the future 1 9-1 6 When is the forward rate at a premium to the spot rate? If the U.S dollar buys fewer units of a foreign currency in the forward than in the spot market, the foreign currency is selling at a premium In the opposite situation, the foreign currency is selling at a discount The primary determinant of the spot/forward rate relationship is relative interest rates 1 9-1 7... repatriated must be converted to U.S dollars, so exchange rate risk must be taken into account 1 9-2 8 Impact of multinational operations Credit management Credit is more important, because commerce to lesser-developed countries often relies on credit Credit for future payment may be subject to exchange rate risk Inventory management Inventory decisions can be more complex, especially when inventory can be stored... favor of the “euro.” The newly formed European Central Bank controls the monetary policy of the EMU 1 9-1 2 Member nations of the EMU Austria Belgium Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal Spain Notable European Union countries not in the EMU: Britain, Sweden, and Denmark 1 9-1 3 What is a convertible currency? A currency is convertible when the issuing country promises... currencies are traded in world currency markets 1 9-1 4 What problems may arise when a firm operates in a country whose currency is not convertible? It becomes very difficult for multinational companies to conduct business because there is no easy way to take profits out of the country Often, firms will barter for goods to export to their home countries 1 9-1 5 What is difference between spot rates and forward... are denominated 1 9-2 5 To what extent do average capital structures vary across different countries? Previous studies suggested that average capital structures vary among the large industrial countries However, a recent study, which controlled for differences in accounting practices, suggests that capital structures are more similar across different countries than previously thought 1 9-2 6 Impact of multinational... given earlier that e0 = $0.0090 1 9-2 0 Which security offers the highest return? The Japanese security Convert $1,000 to yen in the spot market $1,000 x 111.111 = 111,111 yen Invest 111,111 yen in 30-day Japanese security In 30 days receive 111,111 yen x 1.00333 = 111,481 yen Agree today to exchange 111,481 yen 30 days from now at forward rate, 111,481/105.2632 = $1,059.07 30-day return = $59.07/$1,000... capital structures are more similar across different countries than previously thought 1 9-2 6 Impact of multinational operations Cash management Distances are greater Access to more markets for loans and for temporary investments Cash is often denominated in different currencies 1 9-2 7 Impact of multinational operations Capital budgeting decisions Foreign operations are taxed locally, and then funds repatriated . 1 9-1 CHAPTER 19 Multinational Financial Management  Multinational vs. domestic financial management  Exchange rates and trading in foreign. period-t f k 1 k1 e f f h 0 t f h 0 t = = = = + + = 1 9-1 9 Evaluating interest rate parity  Suppose one yen buys $0.0095 in the 3 0- day forward exchange market and k NOM for a 30-day risk-free. political and regulatory hurdles. 6. To diversify. 1 9-4 What factors distinguish multinational financial management from domestic financial management? 1. Different currency denominations. 2.