1049 banners creating, 605 MOTD, configuring, 606 Base 2 number system, 22–23 converting to decimal, 26–28 Base 10 number system, 21–22 converting to binary, 24–26 Base 16 number system, 23–24 converting to binary, 28–30 baseband signaling, 254 BBSs (Bulletin Board Systems), 14 Bellman-Ford Algorithm, 444 bending fiber-optic cabling, 151 best-effort delivery systems, Ethernet, 271 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 448 binary number system, 22–23 Boolean logic, 30 converting to decimal, 26–28, 391 dotted decimal representation, 30 numerical format, 19 binary tree topology, 98 binary wildcard mask bits any wildcard, 850–851 host wildcard, 851 bit buckets, 845 bits, 19 bit-time, 274 blueprints, 953–955 BNC connector, 128 Bohr, Niels, 116 Boolean logic, 30 boot field values (configuration register), 649–650 boot ROM mode (Cisco IOS Software), 561 boot sequence, 645 booting Cisco IOS router output, 560–562 from Flash memory, 647 from network server, 648 from ROM, 648 BOOTP, assignment of IP addresses, 414–415 bootstrap, 645 border routers, 540 routing between non-adjacent networks, 544 borrowing bits, 455 bps (bits per second), 61 BRI (basic rate interface), 236–237 S/T interface connector pinouts, 237 bridges, 82, 218–219 Layer 2, 356 wireless, 93 broadband signaling, 254 broadcast addresses, 398 broadcast domains, 83, 300, 433 subnetting, 457 broadcast radiation, 297 broadcasts, 83, 676 browsers, 17–18 building codes, impact on cable installation, 901 bulletin boards, 48 bullwheels, 921 bus, 8 bus topologies, 95 bytes, 19 C cable trees, 920 cable WAN services, 525 cabling backbone, 894 CPs, 896 fiber-optic, 894 coaxial, 128–129, 192 plenum cable, 130 thinnet, 129 copper attenuation, 195 insertion loss, 196 properties of, 123 shielding, 192 sources of noise, 196–198 cabling 1102.book Page 1049 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1050 STP, 124–125 UTP, 125–127 cutover, 951 fiber-optic, 141 absorption, 150 cladding, 142 core, 143 dispersion, 150 duplex fiber, 141 interducting, 152 multimode, 144 noise, 149 scattering, 150 single-mode, 143–145 testing, 203–204 installing certification process, 947–951 finish phase, 942–946 horizontal cable, 924–928, 935 rough-in phase, 923 trimout phase, 939–942 vertical cable, 932 length limitations, 62 loose-tube, 146 rollover cables, 240–241 sources of noise, 191 standards, 130 TIA/EIA-568-B standard, 131 structured cabling, 880 demarcation point, 882, 884 equipment rooms, 885, 887 scalability, 882–883 TRs, 892–893 work area, 887–889 testing, 199 Ethernet standard, 199 time-based parameters, propagation delay, 202–203 TIA/EIA-568-B standard, 202 tight-buffered, 146 UTP, implementing, 212 WANs, 231 DTE/DCE, 234 serial connections, 232–233, 235 calculating bandwidth, 64–66 dBs, 187 hosts per subnet, 463 metrics, 726 campus networks, Ethernet, 206–207 connector requirements, 208 cancellation, 124 capture effect, 277 capturing configuration file text with HyperTerminal, 658 case studies, structured cabling system design, 962–967 Catalyst switches, password recovery, 609–613 categories of UTP cabling, 127 CDP, 621 creating network maps, 627 disabling, 627 displaying neighbors, 623–624 maintaining information, 625–626 obtaining information on directly connected devices, 622–623 obtaining remote device information, 629 with ping, 632–634 with Telnet, 629, 631 with traceroute command, 634–636 show cdp neighbors command, 801–802 troubleshooting, 627 CD-ROM drives, 7 cell switching, 523 CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization), 900 certification programs, UL LAN Cerfication Program, 905 certifying cable installation, 947, 949 documentation, 950–951 cabling 1102.book Page 1050 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1051 characteristics of sine waves, 185 of WANs, 512–513 of web browsers, 17 chromatic dispersion, 151 CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 448 circuits, 121 circuit-switched networks, 291, 520 Cisco IOS File System (IFS), 651–653 Cisco IOS Software available images, 575–577 bootup output, 560–562 CLI, 577 accessing, 566–569 banners, creating, 605 command modes, 578 privileged EXEC commands, 589–592 router configuration modes, 592–593 router startup modes, 594–595 user EXEC commands, 587–589 command history, 572–573 configuration files backing up with TFTP, 656 capturing text with HyperTerminal, 658 editing text with HyperTerminal, 659–660 restoring with TFTP, 656–657 configuration register, boot field values, 649–650 current version, displaying, 650–651 displaying version information, 577 distance vector protocols configuring, 711–712 load balancing, 713–714 routing table updates, 712 downloading with Xmodem, 663–664 editing commands, 571–572 global parameter configuration, 556–559 help functions, 569–571 Hyperterminal session establishment, 562–563 image management, 651–653 compability with router memory, 576 restoring images with TFTP, 665–666 with ROMmon, 662–667 with TFTP, 660–661 LED indicators, 559 login process, 565–566 modes, 574–575 naming conventions, 654–655 restoring with Xmodem, 664–665 startup sequence, 554 booting from Flash memory, 647 booting from network server, 648 booting from ROM, 648 configuration register, 646 system configuration dialog, 555–556 troubleshooting, 579–581 Cisco routers configuration standards, importance of, 604 final configuration procedures, 603 host name, applying, 595–596 modifying configurations, 602 passwords configuring, 596 recovering, 609–613 Cisco uBR905 cable access routers, connecting to cable system, 239–240 cladding, 142 Class I repeaters, 334 Class II repeaters, 335 classes of IPv4 addresses, 394, 396–397 clear counters command, 639, 801 CLI (command-line interface), 577 accessing on Cisco IOS routers, 566–569 command modes, 578 configuration modes, command list, 592–593 login banners creating, 605 MOTD, creating, 606 passwords, recovering, 609–613 privileged EXEC mode command list, 589–592 router startup modes, 594–595 user EXEC mode command list, 587–589 CLI (command-line interface) 1102.book Page 1051 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1052 client/server networks, 228–229 versus peer-to-peer, 230–231 clients, assigned ports, 832 clocking, 234 CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System), 87 coaxial cabling, 128–129, 192 plenum cable, 130 thinnet, 129 collision domains, 81, 290–295 Layer 2 broadcasts, 297–299 microsegmentation, 359 segmentation, 295 shared Ethernet, 319 collisions, 81 Ethernet, 277–281 ghosts, 285 command modes (CLI), 578 commands clear counters, 639, 801 debug, 639–640, 806 debug ip packet detail, analyzing output, 807–808 debug ip rip, 739, 806–807 enable secret, 596, 613 erase startup-config, 555 ip access-group, 855 ip classless, 731–732 ip route, 682 passive-interface, 720 ping Layer 3 troubleshooting, 793–795 testing connectivity, 15–16 privileged EXEC mode, 589–592 recalling on Cisco IOS routers, 572–573 router, 701–702 router rip, 730 service password-encryption, 596 show access-lists, 871 show arp, 598 show cdp interfaces, 626 show cdp neighbors, 624–625, 801–802 show clock, 598 show controllers serial, 598, 805–806 show flash, 598 show history, 598 show hosts, 598 show interface Layer 2 troubleshooting, 792 troubleshooting routers, 798–799 show interfaces, 598, 638 show interfaces serial, troubleshooting routers, 799–801 show ip protocols, 804 show ip route, 636, 638, 721, 741, 803 show protocol, 598 show protocols, 598–600 show running-configuration, 598 show startup-configuration, 598 show users, 598 show version, 598, 650–651 verifying router file system, 667–668 terminal no editing, 571 timestamps, 808 traceroute, Layer 3 troubleshooting, 795–796 undebug all, 809 user EXEC mode, 587, 589 common office applications, 18 comparing digital and analog bandwidth, 66 IPv4 and IPv6, 404, 406 WANs and LANs, 511 WAN technologies, 526 compatibility of Cisco IOS images with router memory, 576 completing cabling projects, final documentation, 958–959 components of optical networks, 147 connectors, 148 patch panels, 149 client/server networks 1102.book Page 1052 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1053 receivers, 147 repeaters, 148 transmitters, 147 of PCs, 7–10 NICs, 12–13 modem installation, 13–14 of routers, 529–532 conductors, 117–118 configuration files backing up, 608 with TFTP, 656 capturing text with HyperTerminal, 658 editing text with HyperTerminal, 659–660 IFS, 653 restoring with TFTP, 656–657 startup config, 651 configuration modes (CLI), 592–593 configuration register, 646 boot field values, 649–650 configuring ACLs, 847 for ICMP, 861 for UDP, 862 numbering, 847 banners, MOTD, 606 Cisco IOS Software, distance vector protocols, 711–712 Cisco routers final configuration procedures, 603 host name, 595–596 importance of standards, 604 modifying configurations, 602 passwords, 596 Ethernet interfaces, 601–602 IGRP, 748 verifying configuration, 749–751 interface descriptions, 604–605 RIP static routes, 742–743 verifying configuration, 735–737 routing protocols, 701–702 serial interfaces, 600–601 static routing, 682–685 default routes, 687–688 troubleshooting configuration, 689–690 verifying configuration, 689 TCP/IP, 15 congestion, messages, 780 connectionless delivery systems, 451 connectionless protocols, 448 UDP, 487, 827–828 port numbers, 488–490 connection-oriented protocols, 452, 819 TCP, 486–490 connections cable, 525 cell-switched, 523 circuit-switched, 520 dedicated digital services, 523–524 dialup, 525 high-speed Internet, 15 LANs, NICs, 225–226 logical, 6 packet-switched, 521–522 physical, 6 testing, 793 with ping command, 15–16, 794–795 with traceroute command, 795–796 troubleshooting with show cdp neighbors command, 801–802 with show controllers serial command, 805–806 with show ip protocols command, 804 wireless, 525 VPNs, 56–57 connectors, 148 AUI, 210 Ethernet, installation requirements, 208 GBIC, 210 RJ-45, 210 straight-through cables, 214 conservation of IP addresses subnetting, 455–457 conservation of IP addresses subnetting 1102.book Page 1053 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1054 console connections, 240–241 consolidation points, 895 consumption delay, 277, 295 contractor licensing, 956 control messages, ICMP redirect/change requests, 773–780 convergence, 534, 692 converting binary to decimal, 26–28, 391 decimal to binary, 24–26, 389–391 hexadecimal to binary, 28–30 copper media, 123 attenuation, 195 coaxial cabling, 128–129 plenum cable, 130 thinnet, 129 insertion loss, 196 noise, sources of, 191, 196–198 shielding, 192 signaling, 192 terminating, 936–938 twisted-pair cabling STP, 124–125 UTP, 125, 127 copying images with TFTP, 660–661 core, 143 corrupt Flash images, troubleshooting, 580 cost metric, 443 count to infinity, 715 CPs, 896 CPU (central processing unit), 7 CRC (cyclical redundancy check), 77 creating login banners, 605 MOTD banners,, 606 network maps with CDP, 627 subnet addresses, 404 subnets, 460, 463 crossover cables, 212, 215 recommended use, 215 crosstalk, 124, 196 CSMA/CD, 252, 268, 271 backoff algorithm, 276 current, 120 cut-through switching, 361 cutting over, 951 D daemons, 499 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) development of TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 815 data centers, 54–55 data field (Ethernet frames), 261 data flow, 300, 302 data link layer (OSI model), 72 frames, 259–261 Ethernet II, 263–264 IEEE 802.3, 262 structure, 262 sublayers, 255, 257 data networks, 44 emergence of home networking applications, 52 file sharing, 45 history of, 47–48 LANs, 45, 49–50 WANs, 49–50 database software, 18 datagrams, 448 dB (decibel), 153, 187 DC voltage, 119 DCE devices, 516 debug command, 639–640 debug commands, 806–807 debug ip packet detail command, analyzing output, 807–808 debug ip rip command, 739 debug messages, timestamping, 808 decimal number system, 21–22 converting to binary, 24–26, 389, 391 dedicated digital services, 523–524 de-encapsulation, 77, 431 console connections 1102.book Page 1054 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1055 default extended ACLs, 862–863 default gateways, 411 default routes, 533, 687, 722–723 configuring, 687–688 delay, 514 delay metric, 442 delay skew, 203 demarcation point, 882, 884 descriptions. applying to interfaces, 604–605 design aspects of equipment rooms, 885 designing structured cabling systems, case study, 960–967 desktop PCs versus laptops, 11 destination unreachable messages, fields, 771–772 deterministic MAC protocols, 267 development of Ethernet, 252 of OSI model, 69 of TCP/IP, 375, 815 devices. See also PC components AAA servers, 90 bridges, 82, 218–219 CMTS, 87 DSLAMs, 86 dual-homed, 387 firewalls, 89 hubs, 79– 81, 217 MTBF ratings, 513 MUTOAs, 895 NICs, 81 optical, 88 OUIs, 258 repeaters, 216 routers, 84, 430–431, 553 accessing CLI, 566–569 available images, 575–577 bootup output, 560–562 Cisco IOS operating modes, 574–575 CLI, 577–578 command history, 572–573 displaying version information, 577 editing commands, 571–572 external connections, 535 functionality in WANs, 536–538 global parameter configuration, 556–559 help functions, 569–571 HyperTerminal session establishment, 562–563 internal components, 529–531 LED indicators, 559 logical functions, 531 logical interconnectivity, 533 login process, 565–566 management ports, 535–536 packet propagation, 449–451 physical components, 531–532 physical interconnectivity, 533 startup sequence, 554 system configuration dialog sequence, 555–556 troubleshooting, 579–581, 798–801 switches, 83–84, 221–222 voice gateways, 86 VPN concentrators, 91 wireless APs, 92 wireless bridges, 93 wireless NICs, 91 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), assignment of IP addresses, 415–417 diagnostic tools, 917 dialup communication, 48 dialup WAN services, 525 differential signals, 124 digital bandwidth, 66, 191 directly connected networks, 384–385 collision domains, 290–291 disabling CDP, 627 dispersion, 150 displaying CDP neighbors, 623–624 Cisco IOS Software version information, 577 currently running Cisco IOS Software version, 650–651 equal-cost routes, 741 displaying 1102.book Page 1055 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1056 host names and associated IP addresses, 607 MOTD banners, 606 routing table contents, 721–722 distance vector routing protocols, 444, 695–696 IGRP, 744 configuring, 748 features of, 747 metrics, 745 route advertisement, 747 troubleshooting, 751–753 verifying configuration, 749–751 load balancing, 713–714 RIP enabling on IP networks, 730–731 features, 729–730 load balancing, 740–741 routing loop prevention, 732–735 static routes, 741–743 troubleshooting, 738, 740 verifying configuration, 735–737 router configuration, 711–712 routing loops, 714 count to infinitiy, 715 hold-down timers, 719 route poisoning, 717–718 split horizon, 716–717 triggered updates, 718 routing table, 721 administrative distance, 724 displaying contents of, 721–722 gateway of last resort, 722–723 last route update, 726–727, 729 Layer 3 address, 723–724 metrics, 725–726 next hop, 726 path determination, 723 updates, 696–697, 712 DIX (Digital, Intel, and Xerox) development of Ethernet, 205 Ethernet II frames, 263 DNS (Domain Name System), 494–495 DoD (Department of Defense), development of WANs, 49 domain names, 494 DoS attacks during synchronization, 822–823 dotted decimal notation, 30, 388 converting binary to decimal, 391 converting decimal to binary, 389–391 downloading Cisco IOS Software with Xmodem, 663–664 DSL (digital subscriber line), 238–239 DSLAMs (digital subscriber line access multiplexers), 86 DSSS, 161 DTE/DCE (data terminating equipment/data communications equipment), 234, 516 dual-homed devices, 387 duplex fiber, 141 duplex operation, 289 dynamic addressing, 407 dynamic routing, 676, 690–693 versus static routing, 681 E EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol), 171 echo cancellation, 340 echo requests, 765–769 fields, 770 editing commands on Cisco IOS routers, 571–572 configuration file text with HyperTerminal, 659–660 efficiency of routing protocols, 534 EGPs (exterior gateway protocols), 443–444, 703 EIA/TIA, 898 EIA/TIA-232, 516 EIA/TIA-449, 516 EIA-232 asynchronous serial ports, 535 EIA-530, 517 EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 447 electricity atoms, 115 Bohr model, 116 displaying 1102.book Page 1056 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1057 cable installation safety, 907–910 circuits, 121 current, 120 impedence, 121 resistance, 120 viewing electrical signals, 188 voltage, 119 wattage, 120 electromagnetic spectrum, 134 radio wave spectrum, 168 wavelengths, 134 electrons, 116–117 water analogy, 121 ELFEXT (equal-level far-end crosstalk), 202 emergence of home networking applications, 52 EMI (electromagnetic interference), 189 enable passwords, 557 enable secret command, 596, 613 enabling RIP on IP networks, 730–731 encapsulation, 75–76, 449–451 frames, 259, 261 Ethernet, 264–265 Ethernet II, 263–264 IEEE 802.3, 262 structure, 262 encoding schemes, level-driven, 343 end-to-end services, 818 equal-cost routes, displaying, 741 equipment for cable installation bullwheels, 921 cable trees, 920 diagnostic tools, 917 fish tape, 919 installation support tools, 919 Kellem grips, 922 personal safety equipment, 913 pulleys, 921 stripping and cutting tools, 915 TDRs, 945–946 termination tools, 916 equipment rooms, 885–887 erase startup-config command, 555 error control/reporting ICMP, 762, 773 echo requests, 765–769 error reporting, 763 message delivery, 762–763 time exceeded messages, 769 unreachable network messages, 764–765 role of IP in, 761–762 error handling, Ethernet alignment errors, 284–285 FCS errors, 284 ghosts, 285 jabber, 282 long frames, 283 runts, 284 short frames, 283 error-checking, CRC, 77 establishing HyperTerminal sessions on Cisco routers, 562–563 estimating bandwidth requirements, 64–66 Ethernet 10BASE2, 321–322 10BASE5, 320–321 10BASE-T, 322–323, 325 architecture, 326–328 link pulse, 323 10-Gbps, 347–350 architecture, 350, 352–353 10-Mbps, 317 5-4-3 rule, 320 line encoding, 318 Manchester encoding, 318 100BASE-FX, 332–334 100BASE-T, 329–332 1000BASE-LX, 342–344 1000BASE-SX, 342–343, 345 1000BASE-T, 339–340, 342 autonegotiation, 285 FLP bursts, 287 broadcast domains, 300 Ethernet 1102.book Page 1057 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM 1058 cable testing standard, 199 collision domains, 290–295 Layer 2 broadcasts, 297–299 microsegmentation, 359 segmentation, 295 collisions, 279 late, 281 local, 280–281 remote, 281 connectors AUI, 210 GBIC, 210 requirements, 208 RJ-45, 210 development of, 252 DIX, 205 error handling, 277, 279 alignment errors, 284–285 FCS errors, 284 ghosts, 285 jabber, 282 long frames, 283 runts, 284 short frames, 283 Fast Ethernet, architecture, 334–337 frames, 259–261 data flow, 300–302 Ethernet II, 263–264 Extension field, 274 fields, 264–265 IEEE 802.3, 262 structure, 262 full-duplex transmission, 360 future of, 354–355 Gigabit Ethernet, 337–339 architecture, 345–347 in campus networks, 206, 208 interfaces, configuring, 601–602 interframe spacing, 275 Layer 2 bridging, 356 Layer 2 switching, 357–358 link establishment, 288–289 duplex operation, 289 priority resolution, 290 MAC, 266 CSMA/CD, 268, 271 deterministic protocols, 267 nondeterministic protocols, 267 MAC addressing, 258–259 naming conventions, 253 propagation delay, 360 roles of OSI layers, 256–257 segments, 302–303 signaling, data channels, 271 timing, 272–273 bit-time, 274 during full-duplex operation, 273 slot time, 273 Ethernet II frames, 263–264 evaluating routing protocol performance, 534 evolution of standards, 902–903 examples of routing protocols, 691–692 exiting configuration modes, 593 expansion slots, 9 exponents, 187 extended ACLs, 855–861 defaults, 862–863 ICMP configuration, 861 UDP configuration, 862 extended shared-media environment, 291 Extension field (Ethernet frames), 274 exterior routers, 539, 868 external connections of routers, 535 extranet VPNs, 57 extranets, 55 F Fast Ethernet, 328–329 100BASE-FX, 332–334 100BASE-T, 329–332 architecture, 334–337 Ethernet 1102.book Page 1058 Tuesday, May 20, 2003 2:53 PM . noise, 19 6 19 8 cabling 11 02. book Page 10 49 Tuesday, May 20 , 20 03 2: 53 PM 10 50 STP, 12 4 12 5 UTP, 12 5 12 7 cutover, 9 51 fiber-optic, 14 1 absorption, 15 0 cladding, 14 2 core, 14 3 dispersion, 15 0 duplex. 359 segmentation, 29 5 collisions, 27 9 late, 2 81 local, 28 0 2 81 remote, 2 81 connectors AUI, 21 0 GBIC, 21 0 requirements, 20 8 RJ-45, 21 0 development of, 25 2 DIX, 20 5 error handling, 27 7, 27 9 alignment errors, 28 4 28 5 FCS. 5 62 563 estimating bandwidth requirements, 64–66 Ethernet 10 BASE2, 3 21 322 10 BASE5, 320 –3 21 10BASE-T, 322 – 323 , 325 architecture, 326 – 328 link pulse, 323 10 -Gbps, 347–350 architecture, 350, 3 52 353 10 -Mbps,