TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® QoS in Integrated 3G Networks For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, turn to the back of this book. QoS in Integrated 3G Networks Robert Lloyd-Evans Artech House Boston  London www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lloyd-Evans, Robert. QoS in integrated 3G networks / Robert Lloyd-Evans. p. cm.  (Artech House mobile communications series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58053-351-5 (alk. paper) 1. Global system for mobile communications. 2. Wireless communication systemsQuality control. I. Title: Quality of service in integrated 3G networks. II. Title. III. Series. TK5103.483 .L56 2002 384.5dc21 2002021595 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Lloyd-Evans, Robert QoS in integrated 3G networks.  (Artech House mobile communications series) 1. Mobile communication systems I. 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International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-351-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2002021595 10987654321 Contents Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Evolution of Mobile Networks 1 1.2 User Perception of Quality 7 1.3 Costs and Benefits of Quality 8 1.4 Influence on Quality of Different Parts of the Network 10 1.5 Outline of the Book 13 References 13 2 Coding Overview 15 2.1 Generalities 15 2.2 Block Codes 16 2.3 Trellis Codes 18 2.4 Viterbi Algorithm 20 2.5 Convolutional Codes 21 v 2.6 Code Extension and Shortening 24 2.7 Concatenation Codes 25 2.8 Source-Coding Principles 27 2.9 Codes in Mobile Phone Networks 28 2.9.1 Channel Codes 29 2.9.2 Walsh Sequences 29 2.9.3 Spreading Codes 30 2.9.4 Scrambling Codes 30 2.9.5 Security Codes 32 2.9.6 Source Coding and Data Compression 33 2.10 Modulation 33 References 34 3 WCDMA 35 3.1 Nature and Principles 35 3.1.1 WCDMA-FDD 38 3.1.2 WCDMA-TDD 38 3.2 Layer 3 (RRC) 40 3.3 Level 2 42 3.3.1 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 42 3.3.2 Broadcast and Multicast Control 43 3.3.3 RLC 43 3.3.4 MAC Layer 45 3.4 Level 1The Physical Layer 50 3.4.1 General 50 3.4.2 Physical Channels 50 3.4.3 Physical-Level Procedures 53 3.4.4 Multiplexing, Channel Coding, and Interleaving of Transport Channels 54 3.4.5 Physical Layer Measurements 57 3.4.6 Power Control 59 vi QoS in Integrated 3G Networks 3.4.7 Cell Search and Handover 59 3.4.8 Physical-Level Differences for TDD 61 3.5 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 63 3.6 QoS in WCDMA 64 References 68 4 cdma2000 71 4.1 General Principles 71 4.2 Layer 3 Signaling and LAC 73 4.3 Layer 2 MAC 77 4.3.1 General 77 4.3.2 Channel Types 78 4.3.3 The Multiplexing Sublayer 79 4.4 Layer 1 Physical Level 83 4.4.1 Carriers 83 4.4.2 Frequency Bands 84 4.4.3 Timing 85 4.4.4 Power Control 85 4.4.5 Error Correction 86 4.4.6 Data Rates 86 4.5 cdma2000 QoS 87 4.5.1 Basic Standard 87 4.5.2 High Data-Rate Enhancements 91 References 93 5 GPRS 95 5.1 General Principles 95 5.2 Layer 3 100 5.2.1 Radio Resource Management 100 5.2.2 Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol 102 5.2.3 LLC Operation 104 Contents vii 5.2.4 BSS-SGSN Protocol 106 5.3 Layer 2 RLC and MAC 107 5.3.1 RLC 108 5.3.2 MAC-MODE 111 5.3.3 BSS-SGSN Network Service 112 5.3.4 Radio Link Protocol 113 5.4 Layer 1 113 5.5 GPRS QoS 117 References 119 6 RF Design Overview 121 6.1 Cell-Capacity Basics 121 6.2 Signal-Quality Factors 124 6.2.1 Path Loss 124 6.2.2 Shadowing 125 6.2.3 Multipath Interference 125 6.2.4 Jamming 126 6.2.5 Handover Gain 126 6.3 Radio Link Budget 127 6.4 Network Expansion 131 6.5 Capacity and Admission Control 133 6.5.1 GPRS Admission Control 133 6.5.2 CDMA Admission Control 133 6.6 Power Control 138 References 139 7 Protocols 141 7.1 General Remarks 141 7.2 SS7 Features 142 7.3 ATM 144 viii QoS in Integrated 3G Networks [...]... and standards applicable to these integrated networks, together containing more than a million pages of material—engineers are lucky if they are given the time to read a thousand pages With this in mind, this book provides sufficient references xiii xiv QoS in Integrated 3G Networks to enable engineers to home in rapidly, when necessary, on those documents that contain the details of quality-of-service... the mobile networks interact both with each other and with fixed networks, the discussion includes topics applicable to all types of networks The style of presentation here is aimed at network engineers for both mobile and fixed networks with an interest in QoS Both categories of engineer are likely to require an overall understanding of these issues, since mobile engineers will have to investigate... Videoconferencing MPEG-2 JPEG-2000 MPEG-4 261 261 265 266 268 271 272 Contents 10.2.7 xi H.263, H.324, and 3G- 324M 277 References 284 List of Acronyms 287 About the Author 305 Index 307 Preface This book is intended to provide a self-contained general understanding of the factors that determine quality of service (QoS) in a third-generation (3G) mobile network that interacts with other fixed networks Since QoS. .. as D-AMPS, to the 3G services as demand for the latter increases rather than requiring the full bandwidth from the outset This avoids the penalty of the high license fees paid by operators for the dedicated 3G bandwidth The second point is that most of the basic technology remains the same when going 6 QoS in Integrated 3G Networks from cdmaOne to full cdma2000, so that much of the initial network development... for measuring voice quality Another example is the case of a sales clerk taking an order over the phone If reception is poor, an error may be made that results in an incorrect Introduction 9 set of goods being delivered In this case, the costs of the error will be those for reprocessing the order and for the additional shipping charges incurred in returning the incorrect goods and delivering the correct... is not enjoyable A participant in an interactive game will be at a serious handicap if quality is poor The biggest benefit of adequate quality in the 3G network is simply that of mobility itself, so that an employee can tackle a wide range of tasks without having to be in the office The additional benefits of 3G services over 10 QoS in Integrated 3G Networks those of 2G in this respect are primarily... fixed network If the call destination is a Web site, then it is probable that it will be accessed by links of high capacity and quality but with the likelihood of congestion and variable delay If the destination is an IP phone or individual data user, then low speed data links may be involved, leading to considerable and variable delays 12 QoS in Integrated 3G Networks VoIP, in particular, has its own... essential where information is broadcast, as retransmission is then totally impractical This is achieved 15 16 QoS in Integrated 3G Networks through the conversion of the initial bit stream into transmission codes having this FEC property CDMA networks also use spreading codes to distinguish between different cells, users, and channels and spread the signal over the range of frequencies in use Use of... distinctions, transmission codes in mobile phone networks are also classified according to their function (e.g., spreading codes and channel codes) In this chapter, transmission codes will first be outlined generically, then in later paragraphs by their function in 3G networks The most elementary transmission codes are the block codes A block code C defines a unique map of a block consisting of k information... In the case of the parity check code C (4,3,2), this results in the minimal trellis shown in Figure 2.2, again with thin and thick edges for 0 and 1 The minimal trellis can be used to compare a received code word with all the possible values much more quickly than by a direct 1:1 comparison with all complete words 0 Level 1 Vr Figure 2.2 Minimal trellis for C (4,3,2) 2 3 4 Vg 20 QoS in Integrated 3G . Team-Fly ® QoS in Integrated 3G Networks For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Mobile Communications Series, turn to the back of this book. QoS in Integrated 3G Networks Robert. service in integrated 3G networks. II. Title. III. Series. TK5103.483 .L56 2002 384.5dc21 2002021595 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Lloyd-Evans, Robert QoS in integrated 3G networks. . their interim specifications in this book. xiv QoS in Integrated 3G Networks 1 Introduction 1.1 Evolution of Mobile Networks The first mobile networks were analog systems, mostly introduced in the 1980s.