[...]... 3.1.4.2 Detection of Solar Neutrino 3.1.4.3 The Case of Missing Neutrinos 3.1.4.4 Kamiokande and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Results 3.1.4.5 Solution of the Solar Neutrino Puzzle 3.2 The Solar Constant - Solar Irradiance 3.3 Limb Darkening 3.3.1 Limb Polarization 3.4 Solar Rotation 3.4.1 Solar Rotation from Sunspot Tracers 3.4.2 Variation of Rotation Rate with Solar Cycle 3.4.3 Rotation of Photospheric... society that displayed interest in astronomy The famous rock painting of the supernova of 1054 AD, several other petroglyphs, and many solar alignment sites found in Native American Indian regions testify to their astronomical awareness Details of some of these are given later in this section Through precise observation of Ancient Solar Astronomy 7 the Sun and the recurrence of solstices and equinoxes, the... Ancient India 1.2.7 Solar Astronomy in the Medieval Period 1.2.7.1 Solar Observatories at Maraga, Iran and Samarkand 1.2.7.2 Solar Observatories in India 21 25 26 26 26 27 27 28 29 29 30 2 Modern Solar Observatories 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Ground based Solar Optical Facilities 2.1.1 Optical Solar Observatories in North and South America 2.1.2 Solar Observatories on the European Continent 2.1.3 Solar Observatories... kings were often depicted holding an upright staff, perhaps a sacred gnomon or sundial in their hands, to demonstrate their connection with and understanding of the Sun On the solstices days in Mayan regions (latitude ± 23.5°), at noon 8 Fundamentals of Solar Astronomy the Sun does not cast shadow from upright sticks This was considered to be one of the most sacred events of the year Many of their ancient... stopped by the reflection at dawn of her own face in a makeshift mirror consisting of a pool of beer From a detailed study of ancient Egyptian symbols related to solar eclipses, Robin Edgar supports E Walter Maunder's theory that the ancient Egyptian "winged solar disk" symbol was in all probability inspired by ancient observations of total solar eclipses A photograph of the winged Sun is shown in Figure... status It seems that the early Ancient Solar Astronomy 11 Figure 1.1 Egyptian symbol of a 'Winged Sun' Egyptians were inspired from observations to have adapted as a symbol the depiction of a solar eclipse, with equatorial streamers of the solar corona stretching out on either side of a 'black Sun' This image bears a striking resemblance to the outspread wings of a glorious celestial bird At the same... Fundamental Solar Parameters 6.2.1 Solar Parallax and Distance 6.2.2 Solar Mass 6.2.3 Solar Diameter, Density and Surface Gravity 6.2.4 Solar Luminosity Lo 6.2.5 Temperature of the Sun 6.2.5.1 Effective Temperature 6.2.5.2 Brightness Temperature 6.2.5.3 Color Temperature 6.2.5.4 Kinetic Temperature 6.2.5.5 Excitation Temperature 6.2.5.6 Ionization Temperature 6.2.6 Position Determination of Solar Features... concept of the 'solar cross' was prevalent and the 'central mound cosmology' was considered sacred centers known as 'Tara' They were constructed in such a way that from 4 Fundamentals of Solar Astronomy a central station extended four divisions or provinces On holidays such as 'Samhain' (meaning Sun's end), to mark the end of summer, large bonfires were lit in these sacred centers, Tara, on the tops of. .. Observatories in Asia-Australia 2.2 Solar Radio Observatories 2.3 Current Solar Space Missions 2.3.1 Planned Solar Space Missions 33 33 33 34 42 53 58 62 68 3 Structure of Solar Atmosphere 3.1 From the Solar Interior to the Photosphere 3.1.1 Hydrostatic Equilibrium in Solar Interior 3.1.2 Energy Generation 3.1.2.1 Proton - Proton (p-p) Chain 3.1.3 Energy Transport and Solar Model 3.1.4 The Neutrino Behavior... identified as the constellation Draco Many thousands of 12 Fundamentals of Solar Astronomy years ago this constellation once contained the pole star The Babylonian king Hammurabi credited Shamash for creating the famed Hammurabi Code of laws In Phoenicia, the Sun god was also known as Bel or Baal, and had the combination name of 'Baal-Samin', the great god, the god of light and the heavens, the creator and the . the icon of Surya — the Sun god; ancient emblem of the dynasty of Mewar (Udaipur, Rajasthan, India) kings, along with solar Coronal Mass Ejections and prominences. FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLAR ASTRONOMY Copyright. guilty of the fact that in this list of solar observatories we have not been able to include the enormous contribution being made by amateur solar astronomers. In Chapter 3, some of the basics of solar. Solar Seeing 287 6.2 Determination of Fundamental Solar Parameters 289 6.2.1 Solar Parallax and Distance 289 6.2.2 Solar Mass 290 6.2.3 Solar Diameter, Density and Surface Gravity 290 6.2.4 Solar