680 amino acids Nitrogen-containing compounds that are the building blocks of protein. There are 22 different amino acids from which all the proteins in the human body are made. Nine “essential amino acids” are not manufactured by the body and must come from food. anorexia Loss or lack of appetite. calcium A mineral that makes bones and teeth strong, helps muscles work, and aids in proper blood clotting. calorie A unit of food energy (the energy the body needs to maintain itself). Carbohydrates, fat, and protein provide the energy from food. carbohydrate Sugars and starches that are the most efficient source of food energy. The most basic carbohydrate is a simple sugar (such as glucose or fructose), which serves as a building block for com- plex carbohydrates (starchy foods like pastas, whole grains, and potatoes). cholesterol Waxy substance made by the body and obtained from food. Blood cholesterol circu- lates in the bloodstream and is a combination of cholesterol obtained from food and that which the body makes. HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol are forms of lipoproteins, which help transport cho- lesterol throughout the body. HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is the “good” cholesterol and LDL (low- density lipoprotein) is the “bad” cholesterol. HDL participates in removing excess blood cholesterol from the body; LDL is the form that can build up in artery walls and thus is a serious risk factor for heart disease. chronic Lasting months or years. In medicine, a condition or illness of long duration, in contrast with acute conditions. The degenerative diseases of aging are typical chronic diseases. Thus, arthritis, osteoporosis, periodontal disease, cardiovascular disease are slow to develop and they may go on for years before becoming debilitating. electrolytes Minerals (such as sodium or potas- sium) that regulate body functions. emaciation An extensive loss of body fat and muscle mass. enzymes Proteins necessary to trigger biochemi- cal reactions. fat Caloric energy found in food that is essential for many body functions. Dietary fats can be either saturated (butter, meat, fried foods) or unsaturated (vegetable oils). Unsaturated fats are considered to be healthier. Fat also provides essential fatty acids, is an important component of cell structure, and transports vitamins A, D, E, and K. fatty acids Basic units of fat molecules that are mixtures of different fatty acids, including mono- unsaturated, polyunsaturated, saturated, omega-3, and trans-fatty acids. fiber A form of carbohydrate that the body can- not digest. Dietary fiber can be either soluble (dis- solves in water) or insoluble (such as bran). Fiber is important in maintaining intestinal health. folate Also called folic acid, this B vitamin helps the body make nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), amino acids, and red blood cells. glucose The form of sugar in which all carbohy- drates are used by the body for energy. glycogen A form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscles. hormone A chemical substance that is secreted into body fluids and transported to another organ where it affects metabolism. GLOSSARY insulin A hormone secreted by the pancreas that helps regulate carbohydrate metabolism. iron A mineral that is an important part of hemoglobin, the blood’s oxygen-carrying mole- cule. Iron also helps the body resist infection and use energy from food. metabolism The chemical and physiological process by which the body builds and maintains itself and breaks down food and nutrients to pro- duce energy. nutrient A substance derived from food that is needed by the body to supply energy and maintain normal cell functioning, repair, and growth. protein A major component of all body tissue that helps the body grow and repair itself. Protein is also a necessary component of hormones, enzymes, and hemoglobin. triglyceride A type of stored fat. Glossary 681 Page numbers in boldface indicate extensive treat- ment of a topic. Page numbers followed by the letter t indicate tables. A abalone 579 Abelmoschus esculentus See okra absorption 1 See also mal- absorption of amino acids 1, 626 assimilation and 52 bioavailability and 76 of biotin 57 in digestion 1, 516 and glycemic index 318–319 of iron 372 of minerals 1, 442–443 of nutrients 230 abuse, substance See addiction Accent 1 acerola 1 Acer saccharum See maple syrup acesulfame-K 1–2, 48 acetaminophen 17 acetic acid 2, 146, 254, 580, 646–647 acetoacetate See ace- toacetic acid acetoacetic acid 2, 379–380 acetone 2, 379–380 L-acetylcarnatine 578 acetylcholine 2–3 as amine 27 choline and 150, 457 deficiency in Alzheimer’s dis- ease 24 esterase and 239 methionine and 435 acetyl CoA 2, 160 N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 451 acetylsalicylic acid See aspirin achlorhydria 3, 73, 305 See also hypochlorhydria acid(s) 3–4, 239 See also specific acids acidemia 4 See also acido- sis acid-forming foods 4 acidifiers 4, 7 acid indigestion 4, 34, 237 antacids for 4, 347, 504 acidity See pH regulators acidophilus 4–5 See also Lactobacillus acidophilus acidophilus milk 5 acidosis 5, 85, 433, 484 acidulant 5 acne 30, 210, 520, 583, 617, 650 acorns 464 acquired immune defi- ciency syndrome See AIDS acrylamide 5–6, 297 ACTH See adrenocorti- cotropic hormone actin 447 Actinidia chinensis See kiwi fruit activated carbon filtration 665 activated ergosterol 105 addiction 6, 623 alcohol and 16, 18 See also alcoholism alkaloids and 21 behavior modifica- tion and 69–70 coffee and 161, 185 detoxification in recovery programs 193, 629 to drugs See drug abuse ephedra and 234 sugar and 6, 56 additives See food additives adenine 6–7, 213, 545 adenoids See lymphatic system adequate intake (AI) 201 ADHD See attention deficit-hyperactivity dis- order adipic acid 7 adipocyte 7, 399 adipose tissue 7–8, 400, 604, 618, 622, 673 blood sugar and 83, 366 cellulite and 132 fat in 254 adrenal glands 8, 442, 535, 598 caffeine and 104 cortisol and 174 dopamine and 214 fight or flight response and 263–264 adrenalin (epinephrine) 22, 234–235 adrenocorticotropic hor- mone (ACTH) 8, 264, 601 adulterated food 8–9 adult onset diabetes See diabetes mellitus advertising 9, 490 aerobic 9, 488 aerobic exercise 9, 174, 448 aerobic respiration See res- piration, cellular aflatoxin 9–10, 444, 501 aspergillus and 49–50 as cytotoxin 182 African plum tree (pygeum) 546 agar 10 agene (nitrogen trichlo- ride) 81 age-related macular degeneration 10, 408 aging 10–13 See also life expectancy; life exten- sion Alzheimer’s disease and 24 arthritis and 46 causes of 10–11, 450 constipation and 166 and coronary artery disease 171 degenerative diseases and 188 dementia and 190, 311, 659 depression and 578 DHEA and 194 free radicals and 11, 295–296 ginkgo and 311 hormones and 326, 430 INDEX 682 Index 683 malnutrition and 11–12, 415–416 memory and 11, 326, 510, 577–578 metabolic syndrome (syndrome X) and 433 nutrient needs dur- ing 11–12 antioxidants 13 minerals 12, 444, 576 vitamins 12–13, 456, 573, 619, 652, 653, 655 obesity and 10–13, 472 osteoporosis and 10, 12, 483 prostate enlargement and 538 skin changes and 582 taste and 615 agricultural chemicals See pesticide(s) Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 451 Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS) 13, 134, 479 Agricultural Research Ser- vice 480 Agriculture, U.S. Depart- ment of See USDA AI (adequate intake) 201 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) 13–14, 403, 413, 584, 625, 672 and antioxidants 14 cysteine and 180 diagnosis 13–14 and egg lipids 14 and enzymes 14 garlic and 303 and herbs 14 and trace minerals 14 air in stomach deglutition and 188 dyspepsia and 217, 338 eructation and 236 flatulence and 268 airline meals 14–15 alachlor 336 alanine 15, 546 L-alanine 15 Alar (daminozide) 15 albacore 15 See also bonito; tuna albumin 15–16, 312, 352, 404 alcohol 16–17, 404, 536 acid indigestion and 4 in beer 69 and birth defects 16, 79, 259–260, 529–530 blood level of 16 in breast milk 95 coronary artery dis- ease and 173 denatured 240 detoxification in recovery programs 193 in distilled liquors 211–212 as diuretic 212 empty calories from 16, 212 esters and 239 ethanol as 240 hypertension and 17, 351 methanol as 435 production by fer- mentation 16, 69, 134, 211–212, 259, 324 thiazide diuretics and 212 and ulcers 216, 305 alcohol-drug interactions 17, 212 alcoholism 2, 18, 379–380, 456, 484, 618, 639 cirrhosis and 154–155 malnutrition and 16, 18 pancreatitis and 492–493 postprandial hypo- glycemia and 353 social cost of 18 aldicarb 18 aldosterone 18–19, 321, 380, 442, 557, 585 ale See beer alegria (amaranth) 27 alfalfa 19, 341 algae 19, 581, 592 See also seaweed marine 153–154, 575–576 alginate 19 alimentary tract (digestive tract) 208–209 alimentation 20 alitame 20 alkalemia 20 alkali-forming foods See acid-forming foods alkaline 20 alkaline tide 20 alkalinity See pH regula- tors alkaloid(s) 20–21 caffeine as 104 from ephedra 233 from goldenseal 322 alkalosis 21, 85 allergen(s) 21 asthma and 52 colitis and 162 allergic rhinitis 21, 134, 339, 637 allergy(ies) aspirin and 50 bee pollen and 69 brown rice and 99 challenge testing and 134, 224 elimination diet and 224 environmental medi- cine and 230–231 fibromyalgia syn- drome and 263 food 21–22, 292, 505, 563 arthritis and 279, 364, 391, 482 bioavailability and 76 carob and 125 celiac disease as 131 in chemical imbal- ance 137 chocolate and 145 eczema and 192 eggs and 222 emotions and 279 food intolerance and 284 milk and 321, 363, 441 sulfites and 607–608 tartrazine and 614 histamine and 339 immediate 22, 30–31 immune system and 359 symptoms of 52, 221, 252, 438, 637 vitamins and 655 Allium cepa See onion Allium porrum See leek Allium sativum See garlic Allium schoenoprasum See chive allspice 22–23, 516 almond 23, 445 aloe vera 23 alpha amino acids 27–28 alpha amylase 29 alpha linolenic acid 23–24, 238, 256, 271 alpha-lipoic acid 400 alpha tocopherol See vita- min E Alpha Tocopherol, Beta- Carotene Cancer Pre- vention Trial (ATBC Trial) 71–72 aluminum 24, 329, 363 Alzheimer’s disease and 24, 25 in baking powder 62 684 The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health Alzheimer’s disease 24–26, 457, 577, 659 aluminum and 24–25 apolipoprotein and 41 and cholesterol- lowering drugs 149–150 folic acid and 275 genetics and 11, 24–26 herbal medicines for 310–311, 344–345 homocysteine levels and 340 amanita 27 amaranth 27 Amaranthus cruentus See amaranth amasake 452 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 9 American Association of Clinical Nutritionists 467 American baneberry 80 amine 27 amino acids 48, 49, 121, 124, 180, 317 See also specific amino acids absorption of 1, 626 alpha 27–28 as amines 27 biological value (BV) and 77–78 blood-brain barrier and 82 branched chain 92, 374, 395, 639 in chemical imbal- ance 137 chemical score 138 definition of 680 essential 15, 237–238, 395, 409, 435–435, 539–543, 620 metabolism of 27, 28, 317, 374, 379, 409, 540, 626 molecular structure of 444, 504 in reference proteins 556, 556t amino sugars 28 aminotransferase See transamination ammonia 28–29, 48 conversion to urea 15, 404, 635–636 intestinal 317, 580 nitrogen fixation and 462 in protein synthesis 463 ammoniated glycyrrhizin See glycyrrhizin amoebic dysentery 495 Amorphophallus konjac See konjac amphetamines 29, 42, 205 AMS See Agricultural Marketing Service amygdalin (laetrile) 387–388 amylase 29, 86, 118, 208, 416, 492, 567 alpha 29 starch and 29, 117 amylopectin 29 amylose 29 anabolic steroids 29–30, 31 anabolism 30, 78, 434, 639 See also anabolic steroids Anacardium occidentale See cashew anaerobic 30, 259, 320 analgesic(s) 50, 193, 220 alcohol interaction with 17 Ananas comosus See pineapple anaphylaxis 30–31, 608 antibodies and 36 bronchi and 99 immediate allergies and 22 anchovy, European 31, 323, 352, 545 androgen(s) 8, 31, 617 androstenediol 31 anemia 31–32, 313, 334, 529 aplastic 32 and avitaminosis 58, 653 and canthaxanthine 116 chloramphenicol and 36 in favism 257 hemolytic 334–335, 431 iron and 31–32, 371–373, 627 megaloblastic 430 pernicious 32–33, 306, 369–370, 497, 505, 653 anencephaly 456, 592 anesthesia 599, 608 Anethum graveolens See dill aneurysm 603 Angelica sinensis See dong quai angina 602 angiotensin 33, 641 aldosterone and 19, 585 beta blockers and 70 animal drugs in meat (meat contaminants) 425–426 See also antibi- otics anions 33, 223, 442 anise 33, 336 annatto 33, 101, 614 anorexia 56, 103, 597 definition of 680 dieting and 202, 474 anorexia nervosa 33–34, 218 See also bulimia nervosa anorexigenic 34 anosmia 585 antacid(s) 34–35, 440 acid indigestion and 4, 347, 504 aluminum in 24 constipation and 166 ulcers and 216, 305, 504 anthocyanins 35, 269t, 324, 550–551, 640 Anthriscus cerefolium See chervil anti-aging nutrients See aging antibiotics 5, 35–36, 68, 368, 386, 425–426, 439 antibodies 36, 369, 388, 395, 584, 601 See also allergen(s) in allergic rhinitis 21 autoimmune dis- eases and 56–57, 407 in ELISA assays 225 anticaking agents 36, 276 anticancer diet See cancer anticancer nutrients See cancer anticoagulants 661 See also blood clotting antidepressants 578, 599 alcohol interaction with 17 food interactions with 215 antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 37, 355, 517 angiotensin and 33 bulimia nervosa and 101 diabetes insipidus and 195 diuresis and 212, 380 antifoaming agent See sur- factant antigens 36, 37 antihistamine(s) alcohol interaction with 17, 339 and asthma 52, 339 antimetabolite 37 antimycotic agents 37 antineuritic 37 antioxidant(s) 37–40, 276 See also specific antioxi- dants acidifiers as 4, 7 and aging 11, 13, 450 and AIDS 14 Index 685 Alzheimer’s disease and 25–26 and cancer preven- tion 139 catabolism and 129 and cataracts 129 and coronary artery disease 172, 406 in food preservation 290, 388, 532, 550 free radicals and 296, 609 and immune system 360, 391, 609 rheumatoid arthritis and 559, 609 antipasto 40 antipsychotic (neuroleptic) drugs 497, 613 antirachitic 35 antiscorbutic 40 antivitamin 40 A.P. (as purchased) 51 aphrodisiac ashwagandha as 48 maca as 411 Apium graveolens var. dulce See celery Apium graveolens var. rapaceum See celeriac aplastic anemia 32 apocaroenol See carotenoids apoenzyme 40 apoferritin 40–41, 259 apolipoprotein 41, 147, 338–339, 405 appendix 409 appestat 41, 470 appetite 41–42, 343–344, 570, 578 addiction and 6 anorexigenics and 34 appestat and 41 artificial sweeteners and 48 bulimia nervosa and 100 chili pepper and 142 craving and 176 and eating disorders 218 endorphins and 228 exercise and 42, 242 glucostat and 316 appetite suppressants 42, 313, 327–328, 473 amphetamines as 29 crash dieting and 204–205 diet pills as 205 in fad diets 246 leptin as 394 apple(s) 15, 42–43 apple cider 153 apricot 43 arachidonic acid 43–44, 46, 238, 396, 398, 511, 537 Arachis hypogaea See peanut arame See seaweed arginine 44, 409, 481, 636 L-arginine 44 ariboflavinosis 44, 560 Armoracia rusticana See horseradish aromatic compounds 44–45 arrowroot 45 arsenic 45, 332 Artemisia dracunculus See tarragon arteries 33, 45, 116, 431, 602–603 See also plaque, arterial arteriosclerosis 45, 122, 190 arthritis 45–46 See also osteoarthritis; rheuma- toid arthritis achlorhydria and 3 aspirin and 50 chondroitin and 150–151, 482 food allergies and 279, 364, 391, 482 food-borne 279, 364, 391 medications for alcohol interaction with 17 cayenne as 131 hawthorn as 330 niacin as 458 artichoke 46, 370 artificial flavors 46–48, 59, 240, 270 artificial food colors 47–48, 84–85, 292, 610 attention deficit- hyperactivity dis- order and 56 baby food and 59 coal tar dyes as 158 FD&C approved 257 safety of 59, 84–85 artificial seafood See surimi artificial sweeteners 48, 606 See also specific artifi- cial sweeteners as carcinogens 179, 565 diet foods and 202, 588 safety of 1–2, 20 Arundinaria See bamboo shoot asbestos 449 ascomycetes 448 ascorbic acid 48, 115, 550, 572–573, 654–656 ascorbyl palmitate 48 ashwagandha 48 asparagine 48, 49 L-asparagine 48 asparagus 48–49 aspartame 48, 49, 509, 510 acesulfame K (Sunett) and 1 alitame and 20 in candy 115 aspartic acid 49 adenine synthesis and 7 asparagine formation and 48 as ergogenic supple- ment 235 L-aspartic acid 49 aspergillus 49–50, 444 aflatoxin and 9–10, 501 aspic 50 aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 3, 50–51, 305 heart attack preven- tion and 139 interaction with alcohol 17 as purchased (A.P.) 51 assays See ELISA assessment, nutritional sta- tus 51–52 assimilation 52 astaxanthin 52, 408 asthma 30, 52–53, 233, 339, 637, 653 astragalus 53 atherosclerosis 53–55, 365, 374, 603 as cardiovascular dis- ease 53, 122 cholesterol and 147, 338, 405–406 as coronary artery disease 170–171 athletes anabolic steroids and 29–30 carbohydrate loading among 119 creatine supplements and 177 dehydration and 189, 593 drug use by See spe- cific drugs ephedra and 233 ergogenic supple- ments and 68–69, 235, 365, 493, 604 muscle building agents and 303, 481, 617 nutritional needs during exercise 244, 593 athlete’s foot 301 Atkins diet 55, 199–200 atopic dermatitis (eczema) 220–221 in infants 192, 221 ATP (adenosine triphos- phate) 55–56, 447–448, 487–488 acetoacetic acid and 2 adenine and 6–7 686 The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health in amino acid metabolism 27, 434 biosynthesis and 78 creatine and 177 electron transport chain and 224, 557 in glucose metabo- lism 314–315, 320, 434, 546 iron and 371 magnesium and 413 pesticides and 508 in photosynthesis 512 Atrazine 336 atrophy 56 attention deficit-hyperac- tivity disorder (ADHD) 56, 258, 606 aubergine (eggplant) 222–223 au gratin 56 autism 432 Autocarpus altilis See bread- fruit Autocarpus communis See breadfruit autoimmune disease(s) 56–57, 359, 391, 451, 558–559 See also specific autoimmune diseases aging and 10 antibodies and 36 DHEA and 194 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 213–214 fish oil and 265–267 autonomic nervous system See hypothalamus; nerv- ous system Avena sativa See oats avidin 57, 79 avitaminosis 57–58, 653 avocado 58, 125, 445 avocado oil 58 axon 450, 454 Ayurvedic medicine See herbal medicine azodicarbonamide 58 B baby food 59, 362–363 Bacillus cereus 59 Bacillus thuringiensis See pesticide(s) bacon 59–60, 437 bacon bits See texturized vegetable protein (TVP) bacteria 303 antibiotics and 35–36 in cheese making 135 cranberry juice and 175–176 in dental plaque 190–191, 504–505, 518 diarrhea and 198 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and 201 food handling and 284, 423–424, 526, 535, 568–569, 574 food poisoning and 157, 288, 593 intestinal 60, 78, 367–369, 390, 527, 536, 584 preservatives and 107, 155, 461, 532 bacterial toxins 60–61, 157, 182, 230, 306 bagel 61 baker’s yeast 61, 391 baking See cooking baking powder 61–62, 391, 669 anticaking agents in 36 cream of tartar in 176–177 baking soda 62, 74, 93, 391 balanced diet 62–63, 412, 414, 466 basic food groups and 65 in China 142 essential amino acids and 237 exercise and 243 food complementa- tion in 281 food guide pyramid and 282–283 while eating fast food 247–248 baldness See hair loss bald tongue 313 balm 63 balm mint 63 bamboo shoot 63 Bambusa See bamboo shoot banana 63, 518 barbecued meat/charcoal broiled meat 63–64, 337–338, 377, 424 benzopyrene and 44, 70, 449 barbiturates, alcohol and 17 bark See tannins barley 64, 69, 416 barley malt 64, 69, 416 basal cell carcinoma 634 basal energy expenditure (BEE) 64 basal metabolic rate (BMR) 64–65, 229, 351, 355, 450, 472, 621 base 27, 65, 121 basic food groups 65, 65t, 282 basidiomycetes 448 basil 65–66, 337 bass 66 basting 66 bay 66 Baycol See cholesterol- lowering drugs B complex (B vitamins) 66–67, 369, 383, 402, 457–458, 559–560 See also vitamin B and catabolism 128–129 deficiency 136, 340–341, 430, 560 yeast and 97, 624 beach plum 67 bean(s) 67–68, 198 See also specific types of beans bean curd 67 bean sprouts See mung bean BEE (basal energy expen- diture) 64 beef 68, 329–330, 422–424 bovine growth hor- mone and 90 beef tallow 68, 297, 329, 612, 644 bee pollen 68–69, 564 beer 69, 416 carbon dioxide in 120 carrageenan in 126 dehydration and 189 EDTA in 221 erythorbic acid in 236 urethane contamina- tion of 636 beet 69, 87 behavior See food, and nervous system behavior modification 69–70 compulsive eating and 165–166 dieting and 204 belching See eructation bell pepper See pepper benign prostatic hyperpla- sia (BPH) 538 benomyl 70 benzoic acid See benzoyl peroxide benzopyrene (benzo(a)pyrene) 44, 70 in barbecued meat/ charcoal broiled meat 63–64, 449 carcinogenic risk of 44, 121, 449–450 benzoyl peroxide 70 berberine 322 bergamot 398 beriberi 58, 70, 221, 561, 618 berry See specific berries Bertholletia excelsa See Brazil nut Index 687 beta blockers 70 beta-carotene 70–73, 296, 325 in butter 101 cancer prevention and 139 carotenemia and 125 as carotenoid 125–126 major sources of 115, 127, 135, 141, 184, 592 vision loss and 10 vitamin A and 70–71, 404, 650 Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) 71–72 beta-hydroxybutyric acid 2, 73, 379–380 betaine hydrochloride 73 betaline 73 beta-lipoprotein See low- density lipoprotein Beta vulgaris See beet Beta vulgaris cicla See chard Better Business Bureau 9 beverages See specific bever- ages bGH (bovine growth hor- mone) 90 BHA See butylated hydroxyanisole BHT See butylated hydroxytoluene BIA meter 77 bicarbonate 65, 74, 100, 433, 492, 576 bicarbonate of soda 62 bifidobacteria 74, 271, 367, 369, 533 See also acidophilus bifidus factor 75, 164 bilberry 75 bile 75, 302, 319, 414, 511 in enterohepatic cir- culation 230, 403 and fat digestion 151, 346, 598, 615 bile acids 75–76 bile pigment 39, 76, 302, 375 bilirubin See bile pigment bingeing See compulsive eating bingeing and purging See bulimia nervosa bioavailability 76, 467, 678 biochemical individuality 76–77, 156, 232, 358, 481 bioflavonoids (flavonoids) 268–270 bioimpedance analysis meter 51, 77 biological value (BV) 77–78, 542 and chemical score 138 of complete protein 164, 456 food complementa- tion and 281 biosynthesis 78 See also anabolism biotin 78–79 avidin binding 57 intestinal bacteria and 4, 60, 368 bipolar disorder 403, 640 birth defects 79, 510, 521, 592, 616–617, 625 alcohol and 16, 79, 259–260, 529–530 folic acid and 274, 592 hypervitaminosis and 352, 651 pesticides and 79, 449–450 biscuit 80, 102 bismuth 216, 305, 333 bitters 80 bivalve See clam; oyster Bixa orellara See annatto blackberry 35, 80 black cohosh 80 black currant oil 80, 303 black pepper 640 black snakeroot 80 blackstrap molasses 80–81, 443 bladder 636–637 cystitis and 180 infections of 81, 175–176, 637 kidney stones and 181, 637 blanching 81 bland diet 198 bleaching agents (flour) 70, 81 blindness, night 460, 650 blood 15–16, 81–82, 153, 395, 458, 518 absorption of oxygen by 1 alcohol level of 16 alkalinity of (alka- lemia) 20 carbon dioxide in 120 cholesterol in 147, 347, 502 dietary fat transport in 7, 401 immune system and 359–360 pH level of 5, 513 plasma and 82, 408, 518 serum and 578 blood-brain barrier 82, 314, 317 dopamine and 214 ketone bodies and 2 blood cells See red blood cells; white blood cells blood clotting 82–83, 325, 335, 537, 620 aspirin and 50 bromelain and 98–99 chili pepper and 142 dong quai and 214 fibrin and 82, 262–263, 335, 660 fish oil and 265 garlic and 304 in heart attacks 331, 620 mast cells and 421 platelets and 518–519 in stroke 603, 620 thrombin and 620 vitamins and 19, 431, 660–661 blood lipids See choles- terol; triglycerides blood pressure 83, 380 See also hypertension diastolic 83, 198, 350 systolic 83, 350 bloodstream 154 blood sugar 83–84, 295, 313, 318–319 adipose tissue and 83, 366 breakfast and 93 carbohydrate metab- olism and 119, 319–320, 403–404 in chemical imbal- ance 137 and compulsive eat- ing 166 depression and 192 diabetes mellitus and 84, 195–197, 249, 315, 318–319, 348, 366 drugs to lower (hypoglycemics) 197 exercise and 242, 593 fasting 83–84, 249, 316, 353 fatigue and 252 fiber and 502 fish oil and 266–267 fructose and 298–299 hormones and 313, 492 hyperglycemia and 315, 348 hyperinsulinism and 348 hypoglycemia and 353, 354 after meals 257–258 regulation of 315, 316, 403–404, 453, 492 blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 635 688 The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health blood vessels See arteries; capillaries; veins blueberry 35, 84 bluefish 84 blue food colors 84–85 BMI (body mass index) 85 BMR (basal metabolic rate) 64–65 bodybuilding See anabolic steroids; androgen; androstenediol body fat 7–8, 254, 326, 333, 355 See also adi- pose tissue; fat measurement of 251, 356 optimum levels of 254, 356 body fluids 85 electrolytes in 223–224, 369 extracellular 245, 369, 518, 585, 662 interstitial 367 intracellular 245, 369, 662 body mass, lean 85, 326, 391 basal metabolic rate and 64–65 bioimpedance analy- sis (BIA) meter and 77 body mass index (BMI) 51, 85, 469, 486 body weight, ideal 332–333, 356–357, 468 boiling See cooking bok choy 85, 178, 244 bologna 85–86, 407 bolus 86, 188, 623 bone 86, 321, 413, 448, 582, 603, 661 calcium and 86, 105–107, 482, 483–486, 582 collagen in 162 loss of See osteo- porosis phosphorus in 511–512 bone disease See osteoma- lacia; osteoporosis bone fracture 483, 661 bone marrow human 32, 86, 333, 381, 505, 582 in meat See meat bone meal 86–87, 390 and bovine spongi- form encephalopa- thy 90 bonito 87 See also alba- core; tuna borage 87, 303 Borago officinalis See borage boron 87, 485 borsch (borscht) 87 botanical extracts 87–88, 186, 515 botanical medicine See herbal medicine bottled water 88–89, 665 bottle feeding See infant formula bottling 337 botulism (botulinus poi- soning) 61, 89, 182, 289, 341, 427, 461 bouillabaisse 89 bouillon 89, 186, 599 bouquet garni See bay; celery; clove; parsley; thyme bovine growth hormone (bGH) 90, 309, 425, 439 bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 90, 426, 510 bowel See inflammatory bowel disease; irritable bowel syndrome; small intestine BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) 339, 538 brain 455, 510, 602–603 brain chemicals See endor- phins; neurotransmitter bran 487, 512 cellulose in 132 in flour 272 oat 91, 94, 468 wheat 91–92, 94, 669 branched chain amino acids 92, 374, 395, 639 Brassica See mustard Brassica aleracea See broc- coli Brassica campestris See rape- seed Brassica chinensis See bok choy Brassica juncea See mustard greens Brassica napobrassica See rutabaga Brassica napus See rapeseed Brassica oleracea See brus- sels sprouts; cauliflower; collard Brassica oleracea acephala See kale Brassica oleracea capitala See cabbage Brassica oleracea var. caulo- rapa See kohlrabi Brassica rapa See turnip Braunschweiger See liver- wurst Bravo (chlorothalonil) 301 Brazil nut 92 bread 92–93, 564 acrylamide in 5–6 calcium propionate in 37 enrichment of 230 breadfruit 93 breakfast 93–94, 571–572 breakfast cereal 94–95, 324, 418, 468, 534 acrylamide in 5–6 calciferol (vitamin D) in 105 as convenience food 167 wheat bran in 91 breast cancer 113–114, 166, 274, 398, 408, 657 coenzyme Q and 160 DDT and 185 estrogen and 239, 397 hormone replace- ment therapy and 239, 431 rate in China 142 breast cysts 95, 145 breast-feeding 95–96, 521, 535–536 bifidobacteria and 74 bifidus factor and 75 colostrum and 164 Daily Reference Val- ues used in 183 dieting and 202 fish consumption and 97 vs. infant formula use 362 maternal nutrition and 344 plant supplements and 234, 322 breast milk 96–97, 124, 370, 386, 620 antibodies in 36, 95, 362 caffeine in 104 chocolate in 145 colostrum transition to 164 vs. cow’s milk 439 vs. infant formula 362 pollutants in 97, 144, 185, 210, 519–521 taurine in 615 brewer’s yeast 69, 97, 151, 316, 365, 581 brine 97–98, 476 broad bean 98, 257 broccoli 98, 178, 216, 305, 333 broiling See cooking bromelain 98–99, 516 brominated vegetable oil (BVO) 99 bronchi 99, 396, 653 broth See bouillon brown fat tissue See adi- pose tissue brown rice 99 brown sugar 99, 605 Index 689 brussels sprouts 99–100, 178 BSE See bovine spongi- form encephalopathy buckwheat 100, 378, 463 buffer 74, 100, 340, 367 bugbane 80 bugwort 80 bulgur See wheat bulimia nervosa 100–101, 165, 202, 218 See also anorexia nervosa bulking agents See fiber burns 23 butter 101, 580 See also margarine clarified 101–102 butterfat 102, 356, 363 butter-flavored granules 102 buttermilk 102 butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) 39, 73, 532, 536, 550 butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 39, 73–74, 532, 536, 550 butyric acid (butyrate) 102, 162, 254, 386, 570, 580 BV See biological value BVO See brominated veg- etable oil C cabbage 103, 178–179, 244, 571 cacao 103, 145 cachexia 103 cactus (prickly pear cactus) 532 CAD (coronary artery dis- ease) 170–174 cadmium 104, 329, 331, 332 caffeine 104–105 in breast milk 95 in chocolate 145 in coffee 104, 161 decaffeination and 185, 436 as diuretic 212 in soft drinks 162, 588 in tea 615–616 calciferol 105, 235 calcitonin 621 calcitriol See vitamin D calcium 105–107, 282, 413 aging and 12, 431–432 antacids and 35 blood clotting and 83 and bone 86, 105–107, 482, 483–486, 582 deficiency of 186, 352, 483–486, 588 definition of 680 dietary sources of 106t, 484 dolomite and 214 excess of 347, 440 kidney stones and 381 lead in supplements of 86–87, 489 calcium acid phosphate 62 calcium ascorbate See vita- min C calcium blockers 107 calcium carbonate See antacid calcium cyclamate (cycla- mate) 179 calcium pangamate See pangamic acid calcium pantothenate See pantothenic acid calcium propionate 37, 107, 536 calcium tartrate 62 calculi See cytolithiasis calf liver 404 California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF) 107, 133, 480 California Dried Plum Board 519 California Prune Board 519 calmative See valerian root caloric needs, daily 108 caloric value 107 of alcohol 17 calorie(s) 108–109 basal metabolic rate and 64 from breakfast 93 from carbohydrate sweeteners 120 Daily Reference Val- ues and 183 definition of 680 diet-induced ther- mogenesis and 202, 591 diets very low in 200, 246 direct calorimetry and 211 empty See empty calories energy and 64, 228–229, 375–376, 382 excess converted to fat 252–253 from fat 249, 251 food labeling and 287 measurement of 211, 375–376, 382 Calorie Control Council 1 calorimetry, direct 211 Camellia sinensis See tea campylobacteriosis 109, 141, 289, 293, 526 Campylobacter pylori See Helicobacter pylori Canadian bacon 59 cancer 109–114, 444 See also specific types aging and 10, 450 alcohol and 17 artificial flavors and 47 artificial food colors and 47–48 artificial sweeteners and See specific artificial sweeteners balanced diet and 62 BHA and 73 BHT and 74 carcinogens and 109–114, 121–122, 562 See also specific carcinogens chemoprevention and 139 conjugated linoleic acid and 166 cruciferous vegeta- bles and 98, 99, 103, 111, 178–179, 374 cytotoxins in drugs for 182 epidemiology and 234 and fat in diet 250–251 herbs and 23, 130 isoflavones and 374 laetrile and 387–388 methotrexate and 37 obesity and 7–8 prevention guide- lines 114 radiation therapy and 549 risk assessment for 562–563 selenium and 576 soy products and 591 vitamins and 650, 654–655, 658 zinc and 678 Candida albicans 114 candidiasis 114–115, 116, 388, 407 candy 33, 115, 125, 319, 370, 418, 420–421 artificial flavors in 47 artificial food colors in 47 chocolate in 145 canning 89, 337, 532, 607, 643 canola oil 115, 445, 550 cantaloupe 115 canthaxanthine 116 capillaries 116, 399, 421 angiotensin and 33 and blood-brain bar- rier 82 erythema and 236 [...]... also DNA 702 The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health genetic engineering 300–301 genetic makeup aging and 10–11 and Alzheimer’s disease 11, 24–26 biochemical individuality and 77 and blood pressure 83 cholesterol levels and 246–247 and coronary artery disease 171 and degenerative diseases 188 and depression 191 and diabetes mellitus 196 and illness 357 and metabolic diseases 308, 361 and obesity... alcohol and 17, 351 Alzheimer’s disease and 26 angiotensin and 33, 557 appetite suppressants and 42 aspirin and 50 atherosclerosis and 53 balanced diet and 62 Index 705 beta blockers and 70 cadmium and 104 calcium and 105, 413 as cardiovascular disease 122 and coronary artery disease 173 dementia and 190 diastolic blood pressure and 198 diet and 184, 350–351 eclampsia and 220 kidney stones and 181... botulism in 89, 341 breast-feeding of 95 candidiasis among 114 carrageenan and 126 celiac disease in 132 colostrum and 164 cysteine and 180 fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and 259–260 jaundice in 431 lactose intolerance in 363 mortality of See life expectancy nitrate and 460 very low-calorie diet and 200 vitamin deficiency in 573, 620, 661 706 The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health infant formula 286,... 25 anemia and 32–33 antimetabolites and 37 and cancer 111 and depression 191 drug interactions with 37, 215 in grain products 272, 324, 411 and immune system 360 methotrexate and 37, 40 pregnancy and 528 700 The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health food(s) 275 See also specific types and nervous system 56, 277–279 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (U.S.) 281–282, 308, 508, 595 Food, Drug and Insecticide... as, and “nursing bottle” 464 Infant Formula Act of 1980 286, 362 infections bladder 81, 175–176, 637 ear 95 urinary tract 81 vitamins and 650, 654 yeast, AIDS and 13 inflammation 363–364, 395–396, 536–537 aloe vera and 23 ashwagandha and 48 aspirin and 50 autoimmune diseases and 407 bromelain and 98–99 capsaicin and 116, 503 devil’s claw and 193 erythema and 236 fish oil and 265–267 hawthorn and 330 of. .. 466 nutrition 466 addiction and 6 aging and 11–12 asthma and 52 blood clotting and 83 cancer prevention and 113–114 cholesterol and 147–149 convenience foods and 167 depression and 191–192 fast food and 247 hospitals and 343 marginal, correction of 187 for nursing mothers 96 parenteral 496–497 nutritional equivalency 467 nutritionally inferior See imitation food nutritional programs for addiction 6 nutritional... aging and 11 anaerobic 30, 448 appetite and 42, 242 arteriosclerosis and 45, 406 and basal metabolic rate 65 body fat and 7–8 calories and 108 carbohydrate loading and 119 coronary artery disease and 173 diabetes mellitus and 196–197 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and 201 dieting and 203–204, 242 disease and 358 eating patterns and 219 energy balance and 229 ergogenic supplements and 235 fitness and. .. enlargement and 538 tuna and 15, 87, 631 essential nutrients 238–239 bioavailability and 76 biochemical individuality and 76–77 esterase 239 esters 239 estimated average requirement (EAR) 201 estrogen 87, 239–240, 374, 507–508 birth defects and 79 breast cancer and 239, 397 breast cysts and 95 cruciferous vegetable indoles and 98, 99, 103 698 The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health deficiency, and decalcification... 622 acetylcholine and 3 food and 56, 277–279 parasympathetic 454–455, 492, 496 pituitary gland and 517 vitamins and 651 net protein utilization (NPU) 456, 542, 590 neural tube defects (NTD) 456, 592 folic acid and 274, 592 neuron See nervous system 712 The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health neuropathy, peripheral 37, 456, 521, 659 neuropeptides 509 appetite and 41, 278 behavior and 278 neurotoxins... 359–361, 395 allergens and 21 anaphylaxis and 30 antibodies and 36 antigens and 37 autoimmune diseases and 13, 46, 56–57, 152, 407 and blood lymphocytes 82, 367 Candida albicans and 114, 115 and catabolic state 128 elimination diet and 224–225 endorphins and 228 exercise and 241–242, 361 food allergies and 21–22 food intolerance and 284 hormones and 621 lymphatic system in 408–409 nutrients and 19, 44, 53, . 421 angiotensin and 33 and blood-brain bar- rier 82 erythema and 236 690 The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health caprylic acid 116, 254 capsaicin 116 carcinogenic risk of 122 in hot peppers. triphos- phate) 55–56, 447–448, 487–488 acetoacetic acid and 2 adenine and 6–7 686 The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health in amino acid metabolism 27, 434 biosynthesis and 78 creatine and. powder 62 684 The Encyclopedia of Nutrition and Good Health Alzheimer’s disease 24–26, 457, 577, 659 aluminum and 24–25 apolipoprotein and 41 and cholesterol- lowering drugs 149–150 folic acid and 275 genetics