William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7th Edition Chapter Introduction Architecture & Organization • Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer — Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques — e.g Is there a multiply instruction? • Organization is how features are implemented — Control signals, interfaces, memory technology — e.g Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition? Architecture & Organization • All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture • The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture • This gives code compatibility — At least backwards • Organization differs between different versions Differences in organization but not architecture leads to “families” • Different cost and performance • Run same code • Families may span years of technological advancement Hierarchical Nature of Complex Systems • Each level of system hierarchy consists of set of components and their interrelationships — Operation of components  Function — Interrelation of components  Structure • Each successively higher layer describes simplified/more abstract view of lower levels Hierarchical Nature of Complex Systems (continued) • Breaking system into components or modules forces designer to develop a detailed understanding of the data that is passed between them • Working within the hierarchy, a designer needs to only concern him/herself with the details of his or her module at that specific level • Working with a well-defined set of inputs, outputs, and function definition, designers can completely design their module without any knowledge of how rest of system is made Modular System Design Applying a modular methodology to system design results in: —a more manageable project —quicker design time by allowing multiple people with differing expertise to participate (although up-front investment of time feels like a drawback) —a higher quality system —a more maintainable system —increased module reusability Modular System Design (continued) There are two methods to use toward a designing a modular system: —Top down —Bottom up Top Down System Design • Solving a problem by dividing the system into individual functions and building a component to satisfy each function • Benefits of Top Down Design — Efficient use of components — Easier to meet performance goals of the system specification • Drawbacks of Top Down Design — More expensive and time consuming Bottom Up System Design • Solving a problem using an existing system (e.g., using DLL's to create a new application) • Cheaper in small quantities • Design time is reduced • Past experiences can be drawn upon Functional View Operations (a) Data movement Operations (b) Storage Operation (c) Processing from/to storage Operation (d) Processing from storage to I/O Structure - Top Level Peripherals Computer Central Processing Unit Computer Systems Interconnection Input Output Communication lines Main Memory In-Class Exercise • Determine which of the previous operations applies each of the following uses: — Router system — Hard drive controller — Video capture or CD player • Come up with additional examples for each of the previous operations Structure - The CPU CPU Computer Arithmetic and Login Unit Registers I/O System Bus Memory CPU Internal CPU Interconnection Control Unit Structure - The Control Unit Control Unit CPU Sequencing Login ALU Internal Bus Registers Control Unit Control Unit Registers and Decoders Control Memory In-Class Exercise • Think back to your first computer • Try to recall the characteristics — Processor type — Processor speed (Hz) — Memory size — Characteristics such as: – Types of storage devices – Cache – Bus – Network Outline of the Book (1) • • • • • • • • Computer Evolution and Performance Computer Interconnection Structures Internal Memory External Memory Input/Output Operating Systems Support Computer Arithmetic Instruction Sets Outline of the Book (2) • • • • • • • CPU Structure and Function Reduced Instruction Set Computers Superscalar Processors Control Unit Operation Microprogrammed Control Multiprocessors and Vector Processing Digital Logic (Appendix) Internet Resources - Web site for book • http://WilliamStallings.com/COA/COA7e.html — links to sites of interest — links to sites for courses that use the book — errata list for book — information on other books by W Stallings • http://WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html — Math — How-to — Research resources — Misc Internet Resources - Web sites to look for • WWW Computer Architecture Home Page • CPU Info Center • Processor Emporium • ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture • IEEE Technical Committee on Computer Architecture • Intel Technology Journal • Manufacturer’s sites — Intel, IBM, etc Internet Resources - Usenet News Groups • comp.arch • comp.arch.arithmetic • comp.arch.storage • comp.parallel ... How-to — Research resources — Misc Internet Resources - Web sites to look for • WWW Computer Architecture Home Page • CPU Info Center • Processor Emporium • ACM Special Interest Group on Computer. .. smart devices or other computers Control • Something needs to monitor operation and maintain control of data processing, data storage, and data movement • Automated control of computer? ??s resources... from storage to I/O Structure - Top Level Peripherals Computer Central Processing Unit Computer Systems Interconnection Input Output Communication lines Main Memory In-Class Exercise • Determine