EXERCISE 20. Adverb clauses wlth BECAUSE. (Chart 8-6) D&ectiom: Add periods, commas, and capital letters as necessary. 1. Jimmy is very young because he is afraid of the dark he likes to have a light on in his bedroom at night. + Jimmy is very young. Because he is afraid of the dark, he likes to have a light on in his bedroom at night. . . 2. Mr. El-Sayed had a bad cold because he was not feeling well he stayed home from the office. 3. Judy went to bed early because she was tired she likes to get at least eight hours of sleep a night. ~!I, 4. Frank put his head in his hands he was angry and upset because he had lost a lot of ,,!,?,?~ . work on his computer. , , ~. ia1i.;. , . i. .' . . , . , I 1 . . i, i ,: 1) EXERCISE 21. BECAUSE and SO. (Charts 8-3 and 8-6) Directions: Create sentences with the same meaning. Use commas as appropriate. PART I. Restate the sentence, using so. - 1. Jack lost his job because he never showed up for work on time. + Jack never showed up for wo* on time, so he lost his job. 2. I opened the window because the room was hot. 3. Because it was raining, I stayed indoors. I st1 1 ,., 5 PART II. Restate the sentence, using because. , , 4. Jason was hungry, so he ate. + Because Jason was hungry, he ate. OR Jason ate because he was hungry. 5. The water in the river is polluted, so we can't go swimming. ' " II . :; 6. My watch is broken, so I was late for my job interview. 0 EXERCISE 22. Review: conjunctions and adverb clauses. (Charts 8-1 + 8-6) Directiom: Add commas, periods, and capital letters as appropriate. Don't change any of the words or the order of the words. , , ,i 1. Jim was hot he sat in the shade. , 81,' ' + Jim was hot. He sat in the shade. 5, Jim was hot and tired so he sat in the shade. , *re 240 CHAPTER 8 3. Jim was hot tired and thirsty. 4. Because he was hot Jim sat in the shade. 5. Because they were hot and thirsty Jim and Susan sat in the shade and drank tea. 6. Jim and Susan sat in the shade and drank tea because they were hot and thirsty. 7. Jim sat in the shade drank tea and fanned himself because he was hot tired and thirsty. 8. Because Jim was hot he stayed under the shade of the tree but Susan went back to work. 9. Mules are domestic animals they are the offspring of a horse and a donkey mules are , ,,) called "beasts of burden" because they can work hard and carry heavy loads. 10. Because mules are strong they can work under harsh conditions but they need proper care. 11. Ann had been looking for an apartment for two weeks yesterday she went to look at a11 apartment on Fi Avenue she rented it because it was in good condition and had a nice view of the city she was glad to find a new apartment. 12. The word "matter" is a chemical term matter is anything that has weight this book your finger water a rock air and the moon are all examples of matter radio waves and heat are not matter because they do not have weight happiness daydreams and fear have no weight and are not matter. COMPARE (c) Because I was hungry, I ate. (d) Even though I was hungry, I did not eat. (a) Ewen though I was hungry, I did not eat. I did not eat even though I was hungry. (b) Although I was hungry, I did not eat. I did not eat although I was hungry. Because expresses an expected result. Ewen thoughlalrhough expresses an unexpected or opposite result. Ewen though and although introduce an adverb clause. (a) and @) have the same meaning. They mean: I was hungry, but I did not ear. Conneeling Ideas 241 EXERCISE 23. EVEN THOUGH vs. BECAUSE. (Chart 8-7) Directions: Complete the sentences by using ovon though or because. 1. fve~ +~OIA$I the weather is cold, Rick isn't wearing a coat. 2. Becawe the weather is cold, Ben is wearing a coat. 3. Jane was sad, she smiled. 4. Jane was sad, she cried. 5. it was cold outside, we went swimming in the lake. 6. I like to swim, I joined my friends in the lake. 7. People askTony to sing at weddings he has a good voice. 8. George sings loudly he can't carry a tune. 9. our friends live on an island, it is easy to get there by car there is a bridge hm the mainland. EXERCISE 24. EVEN THOUGHJALTHOUGH and BECAUSE. (Charts 8-6 and 8-7) Directions: Choose the best completion. 1. Even though ostriches have wings, 1. A. their feathers are large B. they are big birds C. they can't fly 2. My brother came to my graduation ceremony although A. he was sick ' 'L I- . B. he was eager to see everyone ,L 81 bm. C. he was happy for me 3. Even though I looked in every pocket and every drawer, A. my keys were under the bed B. my roommate helped me look for my keys C. I never found my keys . Jack hadn't heard or read about the murder wen though -yi 1. ,. :, A. he was the murderer ,; ,% ,. , , , B. it was on the hnt page of every newspaper i 1! . , , C. he was out of town when it occurred ., . . ~ , ~. . ., 5. We can see the light from an airplane high in the sky at night before we hear the plane lo I, , because A. light travels faster than sound B. airplanes travel at high speeds C. our eyes work better than our ears at night 6. Although , he finished the race in first place. A. John was full of energy and strength B. John was leading all the way C. John was far behind in the beginning 7. My partner and I worked late into the evening. Even though - ,we stopped at our favorite restaurant before we went home. A, we were very hungry B. we had finished our report C, we were very tired 8. Snakes don't have ears, but they are very sensitive to vibrations that result from noise. Snakes can sense the presence of a moving object even though A, they have ears B. they feel vibrations C, they can't hear 9. In mountainous areas, melting snow in the spring runs downhill into streams and rivers. The water carries with it sediment, that is, small particles of soil and rock. In the spring, mountain rivers become cloudy rather than clear because A. mountain tops are covered with snow B. the water from melting snow brings sediment to the river C. ice is frozen water 10. Even though it was a hot summer night, we went inside and shut the windows because - A. the rain stopped , :.~.:.:? .,I' . ,,! B. we were enjoying the cool breeze C, a storm was coming EXERCISE 25. EVEN THOUGH vs. BECAUSE. (Charts 8-6 and 8-7) Directions: Answer "yes" or "no," as you wish. Answer in a complete sentence using either because or own though. Change the wording as you wish. Only the teacher's book is Example: Last night you were tired. Did you go to bed early? + Es, I went w bed early because I was tired. OR Es, because I was tired, I went w bed before nine. OR No, I didn't go w bed early men though I was really sleepy. OR No, even though I was really tired, I didn't go to bed until after midnight. 1. Last night you were tired. Did you stay up late? 2. You are thiity. Do you want (a glass of water)? 3. You're hungry. Do you want (a candy bar)? 4. Vegetables are good for you. Do you eat a lot of them? 5. Space exploration is exciting. Would you like to be an astronaut? Connectlng Ideas 243 6. Guns are dangerous. Do you want to own one? 7. (A local restaumnt) is expensivelinexpensive. Do you eat there? 8. (A local delicacy) islare expensive. Do you buy ithem? 9. The (name ofa local) river islisn't polluted. Do you want to swim in it? 10. Who (in this room) can't swim? Do you want to go to (the beacidthe swimming pool) with ( . . . ) and me this afternoon? 1 1. Who loves to go swimming? Do you want to go to (the beachithe swimming pool) with ( . . . ) and me this afternoon? 12. What are the winters like here? Do you lie living here in winter? 13. (A recent movie) has had good reviews. Do you want to see it? 14. Are you a good artist? Do you want to draw a picture of me on the board? 15. Where does your family live? Are you going to go there (over the next holiday)? EXERCISE 26. EVEN THOUGH and BECAUSE. (Chart 8-7) Directions: Complete the sentences with your own words. Pay attention to proper punctuation. 1. I like our classroom even though . . . . 5. Because we . . . , we . . . . 2. I like my home because . . . . 6. Even though . . . , we . . . . 3. . . . even though I don't . . . . . 7. Even though . . . , . . . because . . . . .?,, ,t% ri,,l~her;awrT.40n't . - . ., . . ," 8. Because . . . , I. . . ,but . . . because. . . . EXERCISE 27. Error analysis. (Charts 8-1 - 8-7) Directions: Correct the errors in these sentences. Pay special attention to punctuation. 1. Even though I was sick, but I went to work. + Even though I was sick, I went to work. + I was sick, but I went m work. ,:?rIw, 3 2. Gold silver and copper. They are metals. 3. The students crowded around the bulletin board. Because their grades were posted there. 4. I had a cup of coffee, and so does my friend. 5. My roommate didn't go. Neither I went either. 6. Even I am very exhausted, I didn't stop working until after midnight last night. 7. The teacher went too the meeting, and too of the students did to. 8. Although I like chocolate, but I can't eat it because I'm allergic tq it. , , 9. Many tourists visit my country. Warm weather all year. Many interesting landmarks. 10. Because the weather in my country is warm and comfortable all year so many tourists . 'r ,' 1 visit it in the winter. ' I. I,, (8 . - 11. I like to eat raw eggs for breakfast and everybody else in my family too. I 12. A hardware store sells tools and nails and plumbing supplies and paint and etc.* 13. Because the war broke out in late September we had to cancel our October trip even though we already had out passports visas airplane tickets and hotel reservations. ,I. ,l,, ' . > 14. Many of us experience stress on our jobs my job is stressful because my workplace is . . ;its:. i,dmot pleasant or comfortable it is noisy hot and dirty even though I try to do my best 'my boss is unhappy with my work and always gives me bad performance reports I need to find another job. 15. I like animals I have a little dog at home her name is Linda she is brown and white. EXERCISE 28. Punctuating with commas and periods. (Chapter 8) Directions: Add commas, periods, and capital letters as necessary. (There are four adverb clauses in the following passage. Can you find and underline them?) (1) What is the most common substance on earth? I fi isn't wood, iron, or sand. T fie most common substance on earth is water it occupies more than seventy percent of the earth's surface it is in lakes rivers and oceans it is in the ground and in the air it is practically everywhere. *Etc. is an abbrrviation of the Ladn et cetem. It means "and other things of a similar nature:' The word and is NOT uaed in front of etc. INCORRKCT: The farmer misos ms, shpep, goas, chickens, and etc. INCORRBCT: Thefmme~ miser m, sheep, gom, and chickam, stc. CORRECT: Thefmr miser coeus, sheep, gom, chirkmr, stc. Also, mace the spelling: rz., NOT ccr. Connecitng Ideas 245 (2) Water is vital because life on earth could not exist without it people animals and plants all need water in order to exist every living thing is mostly water a person's body is about sixty-seven percent water a bird is about seventy-five percent water most hit is about ninety percent water. (3) Most of the water in the world is saltwater ninety-seven percent of the water on earth is in the oceans because seawater is salty people cannot drink it or use it to grow plants for food only three percent of the earth's water is fresh only one percent of the water in the world is easily available for human use. (4) Even though water is essential to life human beings often poison it with chemicals li,. from industry and agriculture when people foul water with pollution the quality of all .,i ,; life-plant life animal life and human life-diminishes life cannot exist without fresh f ' ,, ,_,water so it is essential for people to take care of this important natural resource. : ,3,,,> / ! I ! 246 CHAPTER 8 . under the shade of the tree but Susan went back to work. 9. Mules are domestic animals they are the offspring of a horse and a donkey mules are , ,,) called "beasts of burden". been looking for an apartment for two weeks yesterday she went to look at a11 apartment on Fi Avenue she rented it because it was in good condition and had a nice view of the city she was. three percent of the earth's water is fresh only one percent of the water in the world is easily available for human use. (4) Even though water is essential to life human beings often poison