FUNDAMENTALS OF ' GRAMMAR Third Edition ,'i f: ,I vn7 -k - 6th Am we. Betty Schrampfer Azar FUNDAMENTALS OF GRamR Third Edition LONGMAN ON THE WEB Visit us at longman.com for online resources for teachers and students. For the Azar Companion Website, visit longmanxom/gmmmanxchanga. Longman English Success (englishsucnrsxom) offers online courses covering General English, Business English, and Exam Preparation. FUNDAMENTALS OF NGL GRAMMAR Third Edition with Answer Key Betty Schrampfer Azar Fundament& of English Grammsr,Third Edition . . WithAnawerKey &*$@ .i,,*,l -1.1 ~:, i' .> .> ,;;; ,v. :- q' . , ., , Copyright O 2003,1992,1985 by Betty Schrampfer Azar :. . 25 .: All rights reserved. ,-i :A. . ;. ':r.~~, 8 - ~ ? &,j; , 'f"' No part of this publication may be reproduced, i *.e -& 8 ; stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted .?&' :@: in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, b. .5. . . photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior penniesion of the publisher. Azar Associates Shelley Hanle, Editor&& Susan Van Etten, Menage Pcmon Education, 10 Bank Street,White Plains, lyy 1 Vice president, director of publishing: Allen As Editorial manager: Pam Fishman - - Proien manager: Margo Grant Development editor: Janet Johnston a*. - "*:i'.g Vice president, director of design and production: Rhea Banker Director of electronic production: Executive managing edi~or: Linda Production manager: Ray Keating Production editor: Robert Ruvo Director of manufacturing: Pauice Fraccio Senior manufacturing buyer: Edie Pullman ' .I Cover design: Monika Popowitz t. . . i : . . , ; J i ? . . . Illustrations: Don Martinetti ' Text composition: Carlisle Communications, Ltd. Text font 10.5112 Plantin Library of Congx-ess has cataloged the student book as follows: Azar, Betty Schrampfer, 1941- Fundamentals of English grammar / Betty Schrampfer Azar 3rd ed. p. cm. ;* .?yy$ , , , ; .r :-,A~.' ign speakers. 2. English languagmar-Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1128 .A965 2002 , -:: - . - ISBN: 0-13-049447-X (with Answer Key) Printed in the United States of America 567891O-CRK-060504 Preface to the Third Edition xiil Acknowledgments Chapter 1 PRESENT TlME 1-1 The simple present and the present progressive 4 1-2 Forms of the simple present and the present progressive 4 1-3 Frequencyadverbs 9 1-4 Final-8 12 1-5 Spelling of final -81-es 13 1-6 Non-action verbs 17 1-7 Present verbs: short answers to yestno questions 19 Chapter 2 PAST TlME Expressing past time: the simple past 25 Forms of the simple past: regular verbs 26 Forms of the simple past: be 26 Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings 28 Spelling of -ing and -ed forms 29 The principal parts of a verb 32 Irregular verbs: a reference list 33 The simple past and the past progressive 39 Forms of the past progressive 39 Expressing past time: using time clauses 48 Expressing past habit: used to 52 Chapter 3 FUTURE TlME Expressing future time: be going to and will 56 Formswithbsgoingto 56 FormswithwiU 59 Sureness about the future 60 Bsgoingtovs.wil1 63 Expressing the future in time clauses and $-clauses 65 Using the present progressive to express future time 70 Using the simple present to express future time 73 Immediate future: using be about to 74 Parallelverbs 76 Chapter 4 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT .: . .+ i; . . I 4-1 Past participle 84 4-2 Forms of the present perfect 85 4-3 Meanings of the present perfect 86 . 4-4 Simple past vs present perfect 87 4-5 U~ing~meandfor ; 95 4-6 Present perfect progressive 98 . 4-7 kesent perfect progressive vs present perfect 100 4-8 Using already, yet, still, and anymore 102 ~ . 49 Pastperfect 112 ASKING QUESTIONS chapter 5 Chapter 6 il:~ c. ? Yedno questions and short answers 121 Yedno questions and information questions 123 Whore. why. when. and what time 124 Questions with who. who(m). and what 125 Spoken and written contractions with question words 128 Usingwhat + aformofdo 130 Using what kind of 132 Usingwhich 133 Usingwhose 135 Usinghow 138 Usinghowofin 139 Usinghowjkr 140 Length of time: it + ta&e and how long 141 More questions with how 143 Using how about and what about 149 Tagquestions 152 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS 6-1 Pronunciation of final -s/-es 157 6-2 Plural forms of nouns 158 6-3 Subjects. verbs. and objects 159 6-4 Objects of prepositions 161 6-5 Prepositions of time 163 6-6 Word order: place and time 164 6-7 Subject-verb agreement 165 6-8 Using adjectives to describe nouns 166 6-9 Using nouns as adjectives 168 6-10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects 171 6-1 1 Possessive nouns 173 6- 12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives 176 6-13 Reflexivepmnouns 178 6-14 Singular forms of other: another vs . the other 181 6-15 Plural forms of other: other(s) vs . the other(s) 183 6-16 Summary of forms of other . . 186 Vlll CONTENTS Chapter 7 MODAL AUXILIARIES 7-1 The form of modal auxiliaries 190 7-2 Expressing ability: can and could 191 7-3 Expressing possibility: may and might Expressing permission: may and can 193 7-4 Using could to express possibility 195 7-5 Polite questions: may I. could I. can I 197 7-6 Polite questions: wouldyou. couldyou. willyou. can you 199 7-7 Expressing advice: should and ought to 202 7-8 Expressing advice: had better 203 7-9 Expressing necessity: have to. haw got to. must 206 7-10 Expressing lack of necessity: do not haw to Expressing prohibition: must not 207 . . 7-11 Making logical conclusions: must 210 7-12 Giving instructions: imperative sentences 213 . . . ~ 7-1 3 Making suggestions: let's and why don't 215 ,I.' . . 7-14 Stating preferences: prefer. lliko better. would rather 218 Chapter 8 CONNECTING IDEAS 8-1 Connecting ideas with and 226 8-2 Connecting ideas with but and or 228 ?? 8-3 Connecting ideas with so 230 8-4 Using auxiliary verbs after but and and 233 . . 8-5 Using and + too. so. either. noifher 235 XI* 8-6 Connecting ideas with because 239 7: . . . . . 8-7 Connecting ideas with men thoughlalthough 241 Chapter 9 COMPARISONS 9-1 Making comparisons with as as 248 9-2 Comparative and superlative 252 i: 9-3 Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs 253 9-4 Completing a comparative 257 9-5 Modifying comparatives 258 . . 9-6 Comparisons with less than and not as as 259 18. . 9-7 Unclear comparisons 260 . 9-8 Using more with nouns 261 . , 9-9 Repeating a comparative 262 kit 9-10 Using double comparatives 263 [PC. . 9-1 1 Using superlatives 265 .< 9-1 2 Using the same. similar. d#-t. like. alike 271 Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE . . . , . ! !I I - . . , . . 10-1 Active sentences and passive sentences 276 10-2 Form of the passive 277 10-3 Transitive and intransitive verbs 280 10-4 Using the by-phrase 282 10-5 The passive forms of the present and past progressive 287 . kind of 13 2 Usingwhich 13 3 Usingwhose 13 5 Usinghow 13 8 Usinghowofin 13 9 Usinghowjkr 14 0 Length of time: it + ta&e and how long 14 1 More questions with how 14 3. adjectives 16 8 6 -10 Personal pronouns: subjects and objects 17 1 6 -1 1 Possessive nouns 17 3 6- 12 Possessive pronouns and adjectives 17 6 6 -13 Reflexivepmnouns 17 8 6 -14 Singular. progressive 4 1- 3 Frequencyadverbs 9 1- 4 Final-8 12 1- 5 Spelling of final - 81- es 13 1- 6 Non-action verbs 17 1- 7 Present verbs: short answers to yestno questions 19 Chapter