Post-Noun Modifi ers 55 In the following examples, the antecedent noun is in bold: Human: This is the young man whom I was telling you about. Nonhuman: This is the computer that I was telling you about. Spatial noun: This is the place where we agreed to meet. Temporal noun: This is the time when/that we agreed to meet. Exercise 4.6 Fill in the blank with an appropriate relative pronoun. The antecedent noun is in bold and the adjective clause is underlined. I know a Chinese restaurant (where) we can get really good dim sum. 1. It is a book has influenced us all. 2. It is a book message really influenced me. 3. He is staying with a cousin name is Williams. 4. He is staying with a cousin lives somewhere in Brookline. 5. We picked a date we could all get together. 6. Let me introduce you to my Uncle Jackson lives in Florida. 7. Let me introduce you to my Uncle Jackson I believe you have met before. 8. Let me introduce you to my Uncle Jackson company you may know about. 9. Hollywood is a city dreams seldom come true. 10. Do you remember the year Donna graduated from college? 11. The meals you get at camp leave a lot to be desired. 12. English is especially diffi cult for nonnative speakers school systems never used English as a language of instruction. 13. The stove they just bought takes up most of their kitchen. 14. Please ask the operator is on duty. 15. Please ask the operator you already talked to. 16. The union called off the strike was scheduled to take place tomorrow. 17. Residents of the city have not registered will not be able to vote. (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd 55 3/16/09 12:34:00 PM 56 Noun Phrases 18. The neighborhood I live is getting more expensive all the time. 19. A professor I had in college advocated pricing oil in Euros. 20. A professor you all know advocates pricing oil in Euros. The following chart summarizes the basic rules about how the external and internal consid- erations jointly determine the form of the relative pronouns: RELATIVE PRONOUN’S ROLE INSIDE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE External Possessive antecedent Subject Object Adverb Human who whom whose Nonhuman that, which that, which whose Spatial noun where Temporal noun when Exercise 4.7 Underline all the adjective clauses in the following sentences. The seeds that you gave me have not sprouted. 1. My wife, whose enthusiasm knows no limits, has invited all of our friends over. 2. I couldn’t keep up with the pace that they were setting. 3. The track where we were running is in excellent shape. 4. The soloist was a pianist whom I had never even heard of before. 5. They damaged the gear that raises the front ramp. 6. He was a rare builder who never cut corners on anything. 7. We need to fl y to Dallas where the meeting will be held. 8. The accident caused a concussion that has temporarily affected his short-term memory. 9. We proposed a site where there would be little impact on the environment. 10. They will identify the company whose bid won the contract. 11. Never pick a fi ght that you can’t win. 12. Everybody appreciated the breakfast that was given by the hosting organization. (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd 56 3/16/09 12:34:00 PM Post-Noun Modifi ers 57 13. The key that the desk clerk gave us would not unlock the door. 14. All of the scientists whose work we consulted were in substantial agreement. 15. All the diffi culties that we went through were worth it. 16. The questions were answered by an offi cial who asked not to be identifi ed. 17. John Marshall, whose foundation sponsored the conference, gave the opening address. 18. Any extras that you have should be returned to the offi ce. 19. We ended up watching a boring game whose outcome was never in doubt. 20. The commercials that we reviewed were all pretty bad. Adjective clauses in casual conversation The description of adjective clauses that we have given to this point is an accurate picture of formal, written English. In casual conversation, however, adjective clauses are simplifi ed in two different ways: who and whom may be replaced by that, and relative pronouns that play the role of objects may be deleted. Who and whom replaced by that The relative pronouns who and whom are often replaced by that. For example, in written English, you might see this more formal sentence: The reporter who covered the story has received numerous journalism awards. In conversation, you would be more likely to hear this: The reporter that covered the story has received numerous journalism awards. The relative pronoun whom is nearly always replaced by that in conversation. For example: Written: The people whom we met with were all pretty upset. Conversation: The people that we met with were all pretty upset. Written: All the players whom the team nominated were selected for the all-star team. Conversation: All the players that the team nominated were selected for the all- star team. (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd 57 3/16/09 12:34:00 PM 58 Noun Phrases Written: Someone whom you know told me all about what happened. Conversation: Someone that you know told me all about what happened. However, we do not use that instead of who or whom if the antecedent is a proper noun. For example, we would say this: My Aunt Mary, whom you saw at the reception, asked about you. rather than this: X My Aunt Mary, that you saw at the reception, asked about you. However, if we used the common noun aunt, then we would be likely to use that in conversation: The aunt that you saw at the reception asked about you. Exercise 4.8 All of the following sentences are written in an informal, conversational style. Rewrite the sen- tences in a more formal style by changing that to who and whom where appropriate. If no change is necessary, write OK above that. who The person that normally schedules the deliveries is not here today. 1. We certainly owe the staff that worked on the project a big thanks. 2. It was all the proof that we needed. 3. We deserve the politicians that we elect to offi ce. 4. Most Americans think the people that live in Texas are a little strange. 5. The few pedestrians that we saw out were all dressed in heavy jackets. 6. We have no accurate record of all the sales that we made in July. 7. The crowds that had fi lled the streets earlier had all disappeared. 8. We almost never heard the children that she was taking care of. 9. The committee arranged meetings with all the candidates that they wanted to interview. 10. I phoned all the people that were on my list. 11. The members that wanted to renew had to fi ll out a registration form. (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd 58 3/16/09 12:34:01 PM Post-Noun Modifi ers 59 12. They identifi ed all the voters that we thought were most likely to actually turn out. 13. The academics that had studied the issue were in near unanimous agreement. 14. None of us like the alternatives that we were given. 15. Even the few treasury offi cers that would speak on the record were noncommittal. Relative pronouns deleted Relative pronouns that play the role of objects are often deleted. Here are some examples of deleted relative pronouns playing the role of objects: The project that I am in charge of has been reasonably successful. The subjects whom we surveyed had all completed the questionnaire. I am still close to the friends whom I went to school with. I bought it at the store that you had recommended. The injuries that she received in the accident are not serious. You will notice that Americans in casual conversation almost always prefer to avoid the rela- tive pronoun whom. They will either replace it with that or delete it entirely. For example, you are much more likely to hear this: The people that I met in Spain were very friendly. or this (where л ϭ a deleted relative pronoun): The people л I met in Spain were very friendly. rather than this: The people whom I met in Spain were very friendly. Another reason Americans avoid both who and whom is that it is hard to determine which of these words to use. Using that or no relative pronoun at all nicely avoids having to make the tricky grammatical choice between who and whom in the quick give-and-take of conversation. Exercise 4.9 All of the following sentences contain at least one adjective clause. Underline all the adjective clauses. Cross out the relative pronouns that can be deleted (including that). If the relative pro- noun cannot be deleted, write OK above it. (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd 59 3/16/09 12:34:01 PM 60 Noun Phrases The Japanese whom we met at the trade conference were interested in our products. 1. I like authors who create a strong sense of place in their books. 2. The movie stars that we have today are not the role models that movie stars used to be. 3. “Yellow Dog” is a political term used to describe a Democrat who would vote for a yellow dog before he would vote for a Republican. 4. You should take a jacket that you can wear if it gets cold. 5. They were the players whom the press identifi ed as taking payoffs. 6. I didn’t know any of the girls who were at the party. 7. They listed the names of those students that had passed their fi nal exams. 8. The reporters interviewed the policemen who had arrived at the scene fi rst. 9. Could we talk to the boys that we saw fi shing off the pier? 10. The players whom we interviewed were very unhappy with the offi cials who refereed the game. 11. He asked the buyers who had already made a payment if they would accept a refund. 12. The receptionist that we talked to told us to take a seat. 13. Next, we had to clean all the fi sh that we had caught. 14. The people who lived nearby all began to drift away. 15. The people that the speaker had named all stood up and received a round of applause. The deletion of relative pronouns that play the role of object in their own clauses makes relative clauses much more diffi cult for nonnative speakers to recognize because the relative pronoun, the fl ag word that marks the beginning of an adjective clause, is no longer there. The following exercise will give you practice in identifying adjective clauses when the relative pro- noun has been deleted. Exercise 4.10 All of the following sentences contain at least one adjective clause with the relative pronoun deleted. Underline the adjective clause and restore an appropriate relative pronoun. The equipment you ordered last week has just arrived. The equipment that you ordered last week has just arrived. (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd 60 3/16/09 12:34:01 PM Post-Noun Modifi ers 61 1. The Shakespearean characters we all know are either villains or lovers. 2. The police arrested the demonstrators they had photographed the day before. 3. He defeated every opponent at chess he had faced. 4. All the tourists we saw at the beach were badly sunburned. 5. The planets they discussed during the lecture all orbited distant suns. 6. We had to return because the horse I was riding pulled up lame after half an hour. 7. We all had to approve the music they had picked for the wedding ceremony. 8. The performers we saw at the Chinese opera were as much acrobats as they were singers. 9. The tune they played during intermission kept running through my mind all night. 10. Lee is a person everyone likes at fi rst meeting. 11. An associate I had never met before took me into the conference room. 12. The meeting was a total disaster we should have seen coming. 13. The fl ight to Baltimore I had reservations for was cancelled, so I was out of luck. 14. The Christmas I remember best was when I was eight years old. 15. The artists we admire the most now are the French Impressionists. 16. The babysitter we had hired just called to say she couldn’t make it. 17. The defeat Thomas Dewey suffered at the hand of Truman in 1948 is the most famous upset in American political history. 18. It was not the retirement we had planned for ourselves. 19. The type of cowboys we saw in the old movies never existed in reality. 20. The jury was not persuaded by the hypothetical arguments the defense put forward. Restrictive and nonrestrictive adjective clauses All adjective clauses modify the nouns that they follow (their antecedents). However, not all adjective clauses are equal. Some adjective clauses signifi cantly restrict or limit the meaning of the nouns they modify. Accordingly, these are called restrictive adjective clauses. Other adjec- tive clauses, called nonrestrictive adjective clauses, do not affect the meaning of the nouns they modify at all. They merely offer additional information about an already defi ned noun. Put in other terms, the difference between restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses is the difference (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd 61 3/16/09 12:34:01 PM . is a city dreams seldom come true. 10. Do you remember the year Donna graduated from college? 11. The meals you get at camp leave a lot to be desired. 12. English is especially diffi cult for. desired. 12. English is especially diffi cult for nonnative speakers school systems never used English as a language of instruction. 13. The stove they just bought takes up most of their kitchen. . short-term memory. 9. We proposed a site where there would be little impact on the environment. 10. They will identify the company whose bid won the contract. 11. Never pick a fi ght that you