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Tài liệu SAP Basic
SAP2000®Linear and NonlinearStatic and DynamicAnalysis and DesignofThree-Dimensional StructuresBASIC ANALYSIS REFERENCECOMPUTERS &STRUCTURESINC.Computers and Structures, Inc.Berkeley, California, USAVersion 8.0June 20021 COPYRIGHTThe computer program SAP2000 and all associated documentation areproprietary and copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownershiprest with Computers and Structures, Inc. Unlicensed use of the programor reproduction of the documentation in any form, without prior writtenauthorization from Computers and Structures, Inc., is explicitly prohib-ited.Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtainedfrom:Computers and Structures, Inc.1995 University AvenueBerkeley, California 94704 USAtel: (510) 845-2177fax: (510) 845-4096e-mail: info@csiberkeley.comweb: www.csiberkeley.com© Copyright Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978–2002.The CSI Logo is a registered trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc.SAP2000 is a registered trademark of Computers and Structures, Inc.2 DISCLAIMERCONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONEINTO THE DEVELOPMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OFSAP2000. THE PROGRAM HAS BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTEDAND USED. IN USING THE PROGRAM, HOWEVER, THE USERACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY IS EX-PRESSED OR IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DIS-TRIBUTORS ON THE ACCURACY OR THE RELIABILITY OFTHE PROGRAM.THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE ASSUMP-TIONS OF THE PROGRAM AND MUST INDEPENDENTLY VER-IFY THE RESULTS.3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTThanks are due to all of the numerous structural engineers, who over theyears have given valuable feedback that has contributed toward the en-hancement of this product to its current state.Special recognition is due Dr. Edward L. Wilson, Professor Emeritus,University of California at Berkeley, who was responsible for the con-ception and development of the original SAP series of programs andwhose continued originality has produced many unique concepts thathave been implemented in this version.4 Table of ContentsChapter I Introduction 1About This Manual 1Topics .2Typographic Conventions .2Bibliographic References .3Chapter II Objects and Elements 5Chapter III Coordinate Systems 7Overview .7Global Coordinate System 8Upward and Horizontal Directions 8Local Coordinate Systems 9Chapter IV The Frame Element 11Overview .12Joint Connectivity 13Joint Offsets .13Degrees of Freedom .14Local Coordinate System 14Longitudinal Axis 1 .15Default Orientation .15Coordinate Angle 15Section Properties 17Local Coordinate System 17i5 Material Properties .17Geometric Properties and Section Stiffnesses .17Shape Type .18Automatic Section Property Calculation 20Section Property Database Files 20Insertion Point 22End Offsets .24Clear Length 24Effect upon Internal Force Output .25Effect upon End Releases 25End Releases .26Unstable End Releases .27Effect of End Offsets 27Mass .27Self-Weight Load 28Concentrated Span Load .28Distributed Span Load 29Loaded Length .29Load Intensity 32Internal Force Output 32Effect of End Offsets 34Chapter V The Shell Element 35Overview .36Joint Connectivity 37Degrees of Freedom .40Local Coordinate System 40Normal Axis 3 .41Default Orientation .41Coordinate Angle 41Section Properties 42Section Type 43Thickness Formulation .43Material Properties .44Thickness 44Mass .45Self-Weight Load 45Uniform Load 45Internal Force and Stress Output 46iiSAP2000 Basic Analysis Reference6 Chapter VI Joints and Degrees of Freedom 49Overview .50Modeling Considerations 51Local Coordinate System 52Degrees of Freedom .52Available and Unavailable Degrees of Freedom 53Restrained Degrees of Freedom 54Constrained Degrees of Freedom 54Active Degrees of Freedom .54Null Degrees of Freedom 55Restraints and Reactions .55Springs 57Masses 58Force Load 59Ground Displacement Load .59Restraint Displacements 61Spring Displacements 61Chapter VII Joint Constraints 65Overview .65Diaphragm Constraint 66Joint Connectivity 66Plane Definition .67Local Coordinate System 68Constraint Equations 68Chapter VIII Static and Dynamic Analysis 69Overview .70Loads .70Load Cases .70Acceleration Loads .71Analysis Cases 71Linear Static Analysis 72Modal Analysis .72Eigenvector Analysis 73Ritz-vector Analysis 74Modal Analysis Results .75Response-Spectrum Analysis 77Local Coordinate System 78iiiTable of Contents7 Response-Spectrum Functions .78Response-Spectrum Curve .79Modal Combination .80Directional Combination 82Response-Spectrum Analysis Results .83Chapter IX Bibliography 85ivSAP2000 Basic Analysis Reference8 Chapter IIntroductionSAP2000 is the latest and most powerful version of the well-known SAP series ofstructural analysis programs.About This ManualThis manual describes the basic and most commonly used modeling and analysisfeatures offered by the SAP2000 structural analysis program. It is imperative thatyou read this manual and understand the assumptions and procedures used by theprogram before attempting to create a model or perform an analysis.The complete set of modeling and analysis features is described in the SAP2000Analysis Reference.As background material, you should first read chapter “The Structural Model” inthe SAP2000 Getting Started manual earlier in this volume. It describes the overallfeatures of a SAP2000 model. The present manual (Basic Analysis Reference ) willprovide more detailon some ofthe elements, properties, loads, and analysis types.About This Manual19 TopicsEach chapter of this manual is divided into topics and subtopics. Most chapters be-gin with a list of topics covered. Following the list of topics is an Overview whichprovides a summary of the chapter.Typographic ConventionsThroughout this manual the following typographic conventions are used.Bold for DefinitionsBold roman type (e.g., example) is used whenever a new term or concept is de-fined. For example:The global coordinate system is a three-dimensional, right-handed, rectangu-lar coordinate system.This sentence begins the definition of the global coordinate system.Bold for Variable DataBold roman type (e.g., example) is used to represent variable data items for whichyou must specify values when defining a structural model and its analysis. For ex-ample:The Frame element coordinate angle, ang, is used to define element orienta-tions that are different from the default orientation.Thus you will need to supply a numeric value for the variable ang if it is differentfrom its default value of zero.Italics for Mathematical VariablesNormal italic type (e.g., example) is used for scalar mathematical variables, andbold italic type (e.g., example) is used for vectors and matrices. If a variable dataitem is used in an equation, bold roman type is used as discussed above. For exam-ple:0 £ da < db £ LHere da and db are variables that you specify, and L is a length calculated by theprogram.2TopicsSAP2000 Basic Analysis Reference10 [...]... Load SAP2 000 Basic Analysis Reference Figure 9 Examples of the Definition of Distributed Span Loads 38 Response-Spectrum Functions 78 Response-Spectrum Curve 79 Modal Combination 80 Directional Combination 82 Response-Spectrum Analysis Results 83 Chapter IX Bibliography 85 iv SAP2 000 Basic Analysis Reference 8 Chapter I Introduction SAP2 000 is the latest and most powerful version of the well-known SAP. .. 2L4X3X1/4), the six geometric prop - erties are obtained from a specified property database file. See “Section Prop - erty Database Files” below. 18 Section Properties SAP2 000 Basic Analysis Reference 26 10 Local Coordinate Systems SAP2 000 Basic Analysis Reference 18 Chapter VI Joints and Degrees of Freedom 49 Overview 50 Modeling Considerations 51 Local Coordinate System 52 Degrees of Freedom 52 Available... description of the concepts and terminology used in this topic. • See Topic “Advanced Local Coordinate System” in Chapter “The Frame Ele - ment” in the SAP2 000 Analysis Reference. 14 Degrees of Freedom SAP2 000 Basic Analysis Reference 22 COPYRIGHT The computer program SAP2 000 and all associated documentation are proprietary and copyrighted products. Worldwide rights of ownership rest with Computers and Structures,... by the SAP2 000 graphical user inter - face for selected elements based on the maximum Section dimensions of all other elements that connect to that element at a common joint. Clear Length The clear length, denoted L c , is defined to be the length between the end offsets (support faces) as: LL c =- +()ioff joff where L is the total element length. See Figure 6 (page 25). 24 End Offsets SAP2 000 Basic. .. Emeritus, University of California at Berkeley, who was responsible for the con - ception and development of the original SAP series of programs and whose continued originality has produced many unique concepts that have been implemented in this version. 4 38 Joint Connectivity SAP2 000 Basic Analysis Reference Figure 12 Shell Element Joint Connectivity and Face Definitions 46 Section Properties 19 Chapter... Systems” (page 7) for a description of the concepts and terminology used in this topic. • See Topic “Advanced Local Coordinate System” in Chapter “The Shell Ele - ment” in the SAP2 000 Analysis Reference. 40 Degrees of Freedom SAP2 000 Basic Analysis Reference 48 • The moment of inertia, i33, about the 3 axis for bending in the 1-2 plane, and the moment of inertia, i22, about the 2 axis for bending in the... Manual This manual describes the basic and most commonly used modeling and analysis features offered by the SAP2 000 structural analysis program. It is imperative that you read this manual and understand the assumptions and procedures used by the program before attempting to create a model or perform an analysis. The complete set of modeling and analysis features is described in the SAP2 000 Analysis Reference. As... features is described in the SAP2 000 Analysis Reference. As background material, you should first read chapter “The Structural Model” in the SAP2 000 Getting Started manual earlier in this volume. It describes the overall features of a SAP2 000 model. The present manual (Basic Analysis Reference ) will provide more detailon some ofthe elements, properties, loads, and analysis types. About This Manual 1 9 ... that con - tains the SAP2 000 program files.If a specified database fileis present in both direc - tories, the program will use the file in the data-file directory. Insertion Point By default the local 1 axis of the element runs along the neutral axis of the section, i.e., at the centroid of the section. It is often convenient to specify another location 22 Insertion Point SAP2 000 Basic Analysis Reference Note:... in an equation, bold roman type is used as discussed above. For exam - ple: 0 £ da < db £ L Here da and db are variables that you specify, and L is a length calculated by the program. 2 Topics SAP2 000 Basic Analysis Reference 10 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Thanks are due to all of the numerous structural engineers, who over the years have given valuable feedback that has contributed toward the en - hancement . Bibliography 85ivSAP2000 Basic Analysis Reference8 Chapter IIntroductionSAP2000 is the latest and most powerful version of the well-known SAP series ofstructural. may actually type lower-case if youprefer. For example :SAP2 000indicates that you type SAP2 000” or sap2 000” at the keyboard.Capitalized NamesCapitalized