PETROLOGY – NEW PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Ali Ismail Al-Juboury Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications Edited by Ali Ismail Al-Juboury Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications, Edited by Ali Ismail Al-Juboury p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-800-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Secular Evolution of Lithospheric Mantle Beneath the Central North China Craton: Implication from Basaltic Rocks and Their Xenoliths 1 Yan-Jie Tang, Hong-Fu Zhang and Ji-Feng Ying Chapter 2 Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of Mafic Granulites Associated with Alkaline Rocks in the Pan-African Dahomeyide Suture Zone, Southeastern Ghana 21 Prosper M. Nude, Kodjopa Attoh, John W. Shervais and Gordon Foli Chapter 3 Petrogenesis and Tectono-Magmatic Setting of Meso-Cenozoic Magmatism in Azerbaijan Province, Northwestern Iran 39 Hemayat Jamali, Abdolmajid Yaghubpur, Behzad Mehrabi, Yildirim Dilek, Farahnaz Daliran and Ahmad Meshkani Chapter 4 Petrologic Study of Explosive Pyroclastic Eruption Stage in Shirataka Volcano, NE Japan: Synchronized Eruption of Multiple Magma Chambers 57 Masao Ban, Shiho Hirotani, Osamu Ishizuka and Naoyoshi Iwata Chapter 5 Late to Post-Orogenic Brasiliano-Pan-African Volcano-Sedimentary Basins in the Dom Feliciano Belt, Southernmost Brazil 73 Delia del Pilar Montecinos de Almeida, Farid Chemale Jr. and Adriane Machado Chapter 6 Allchar Deposit in Republic of Macedonia – Petrology and Age Determination 131 Blazo Boev and Rade Jelenkovic VI Contents Chapter 7 A Combined Petrological-Geochemical Study of the Paleozoic Successions of Iraq 169 A. I. Al-Juboury Chapter 8 Organic Petrology: An Overview 199 Suárez-Ruiz Isabel Preface This book contains eight chapters that are unified by their focus on the application of modern petrologic and geochemical methods to the understanding of igneous, metamorphic and even sedimentary rocks. The regions profiled in this book range geographically from the New World (South America) to the Far East (China, Japan), and from Africa (Ghana) to Central Asia (Russia), with several papers on rocks of the Alpine-Zagros-Himalayan belt. The areas of study range in age from late Precambrian to late Cenozoic, and include several on Mesozoic/Cenozoic volcanism. The first chapter “Secular evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Central Zone of North China Craton: implication from basaltic rocks and their xenoliths” by Yan-Jie Tang, Hong-Fu Zhang & Ji-Feng Ying, compares volcanic rocks of Mesozoic age to those of Cenozoic age to infer the tectonic history of the North China Craton. They find that while the older rocks reflect the influence of subduction zone processes, the younger rocks are ocean island basalts related to intra-plate volcanism. The second chapter, “Petrological and geochemical characteristics of mafic granulites associated with alkaline rocks in the Pan-African, SE Ghana” by Prosper Nude Kodjopa Attoh, John W. Shervais & Gordon Foli, examines mafic granulites associated with carbonatites in the Pan-African orogen of Ghana. Chapter 3, “Petrogenesis and Tectono-magmatic Setting of Meso-Cenozoic Magmatism in Azerbaijan province, Northwestern Iran” by Hemayat Jamali, Abdolmajid Yaghubpur, Behzad Mehrabid, Yildirim Dilek, Farahnaz Daliran and Ahmad Meshkani, looks at volcanism related to collision in the Zagros-Caucasus zone of the Alpine-Himalayan orogen. Chapter 4 “Petrologic study of explosive pyroclastic eruption stage in Shirataka volcano, NE Japan: Synchronized eruption of multiple magma chambers” by Masao Ban, Shiho Hirotani, Osamu Ishizuka, & Naoyoshi Iwata, documents the near contemporaneous eruption of mafic scoria and felsic pumice from the same volcano, implying separate plumbing systems for each composition. Chapter 5 “Late to post-orogenic Brasiliano-Pan-African volcano-sedimentary basins in the Dom Feliciano Belt, Southernmost Brazil”, by Delia del Pilar Montecinos de Almeida; X Preface Farid Chemale Jr. & Adriane Machado, discusses the origin and age of volcanic rocks in post-orogenic rift basins that are superimposed on rocks of the Brasiliano orogeny in southern Brazil. New data by laser ablation multi-collector ICP-MS on zircons provide precise age controls. Chapter 6 “Allchar Deposit in Republic of Macedonia-Petrology and age determination” by Blazo Boev and Rade Jelenkovic, discusses the origin of a Sb-As-Tl- Au volcanogenic hydrothermal deposit of Tertiary age. Chapter 7 “A combined petrological-geochemical provenance study of the Paleozoic successions of Iraq” by Ali Al-Juboury, combines petrographic, mineralogic and geochemical data from the Paleozoic siliciclastics (sandstones and shales) of Iraq for better consideration of the provenance history of these sedimentary rocks. Chapter 8 “Organic Petrology” by Isabel Suarez-Ruiz, focuses on fundamental concepts and analytical techniques of organic petrology (including coal petrology) and refers to its main current applications. Overall, the studies contained in this volume provide an overview of modern petrologic techniques as they are applied to rocks of diverse origins reflecting a wide variety of settings and ages. Each study is of great interest in itself, but taken together they provide a blueprint for how to approach distinct petrologic problems, using the tools most suited for those problems. We trust you both enjoy these papers and find them enlightening in your work. Ali Al-Juboury Mosul University Iraq John Shervais Utah State University USA [...]... the elements: meteoritic and solar Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53, 197-214 Barry, T L & Kent, R W (1998) Cenozoic magmatism in Mongolia and the origin of central and east Asian basalts Mantle Dynamics and Plate Interactions in East Asia, Geodynamics Series 27, (Flower, M F J., Chung, S L., Lo, C H and Lee, T Y., eds.) 347-364, AGU, Washington 14 Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications Basu, A R.,... Y., Hart, S R & Wang, S S (1993) Collision of the North China and 16 Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications Yangtze Blocks and formation of coesite-bearing eclogites-Timing and processes Chem Geol 109, 89-111 Liu, C Q., Masuda, A & Xie, G H (1994) Major- and Trace-element compositions of Cenozoic basalts in eastern China: Petrogenesis and mantle source Chem Geol 114, 19-42 Liu, D Y., Nutman, A... granulites and the KC rocks The data are used to evaluate the distinctive mineralogical and trace element contents of the nepheline-bearing mafic rocks, and also infer the interactions of the alkaline magma with the mafic granulites at the contact zone 22 Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications 2 Regional geological setting The Dahomeyide orogen in southeastern Ghana and adjoining parts of Togo and. .. melts for Fanshi (b), Xiyang-Pingding (c) and Zuoquan basalts (d) Data sources: Chondrite (Anders & Grevesse, 1989), OIB (Sun & McDonough, 1989) 10 Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications 5.2 Nature of the Mesozoic lithospheric mantle Compared with the Cenozoic basalts, the Mesozoic basaltic rocks have obviously higher SiO2 content with lower FeOT and TiO2, and are depleted in HFSE, displaying typical... (2009), and the geology is shown in Figure 2 The alkaline rocks comprise alternating layers and interfolded units of nepheline syenite gneiss and carbonatite along the inferred sole thrust of the suture that separates the mafic granulite Fig 2 Geological map of the study area showing the lithological relatioships and the metasomatic zone where the samples were taken 24 Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications. .. a subcontinental lithosphere Dupal source Geology 19, 567-569 Turner, S & Foden, J (2001) U, Th and Ra disequilibria, Sr, Nd and Pb isotope and trace element variations in Sunda arc lavas: predominance of a subducted sediment component Contrib Mineral Petrol 142, 43-57 18 Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications Turner, S & Hawkesworth, C (1995) The nature of the sub-continental mantle: constraints... ~89) and those of mantle peridotites (Fo in olivine ~92) is relatively small and thus the decrease of olivine Fo in mantle peridotites, caused by the asthenospheric melt-peridotite reaction, is small On the other hand, the asthenospheric melt-peridotite interaction causes the depletion in Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of mantle peridotites due to the depleted Sr- 8 Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications. .. as in Fig 2 6 Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications 5 Discussion 5.1 Petrogenesis of Cenozoic basalts and lithospheric thickness Cenozoic basalts from the Taihang Mountains have many similar features to those of Cenozoic Hannuoba basalts (Zhou & Armstrong, 1982; Peng et al., 1986; Song et al., 1990; Basu et al., 1991; Liu et al., 1994) and many alkali basalts from both oceanic and continental... of the Eastern 2 Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications Block with the Western Block and the second time perhaps to the collision of the Yangtze Craton with the NCC Based on the study of Mesozoic Fangcheng basalts, Zhang et al (2002) proposed that the replacement of the lithospheric mantle beneath the southern margin of the NCC was triggered by the collision between the Yangtze and the NCC Zhang... Y., Zhao, L & Zhu, R X (2010) New evidence from seismic imaging for subduction during assembly of the north china craton: Reply Geology, 38(4), e207 20 Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications Zheng, Y F., Fu, B., Gong, B & Li, L (2003) Stable isotope geochemistry of ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rock from the dabie-sulu orogen in china: Implications for geodynamics and fluid regime Earth Sci Rev . PETROLOGY – NEW PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Ali Ismail Al-Juboury Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications Edited by Ali. orders@intechweb.org Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications, Edited by Ali Ismail Al-Juboury p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-800-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be. the Hannuoba region to the collision of the Eastern Petrology – New Perspectives and Applications 2 Block with the Western Block and the second time perhaps to the collision of the Yangtze