ADVANCES IN INDUCTION AND MICROWAVE HEATING OF MINERAL AND ORGANIC MATERIALS Edited by Stanisław Grundas Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials Edited by Stanisław Grundas Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Nikolic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright redfrisbee, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published February, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials, Edited by Stanisław Grundas p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-522-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Preface IX Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral Materials 1 Recent Studies on Fundamentals and Application of Microwave Processing of Materials 3 Noboru Yoshikawa Review of Numerical Simulation of Microwave Heating Process 27 Xiang Zhao, Liping Yan and Kama Huang Modelling and Analysis of the Induction-Heating Converters 49 András Kelemen and Nimród Kutasi Numerical Modelling of Industrial Induction 75 A. Bermúdez, D. Gómez, M.C. Muñiz, P. Salgado and R. Vázquez Using Numerical Methods to Design and Control Heating Induction Systems 101 Julio Walter and Gerardo Ceglia Development of Customized Solutions – an Interesting Challenge of Modern Induction Heating 125 Jens-Uwe Mohring and Elmar Wrona Configuration Proposals for an Optimal Electromagnetic Coupling in Induction Heating Systems 135 Carrillo, E. Criterions for Selection of Volume Induction Heating Parameters 159 Niedbała Ryszard and Wesołowski Marcin Contents Contents VI Two Novel Induction Heating Technologies: Transverse Flux Induction Heating and Travelling Wave Induction Heating 181 Youhua Wang, Junhua Wang, S. L. Ho, Xiaoguang Yang, and W. N. Fu Induction Heating of Thin Strips in Transverse Flux Magnetic Field 207 Jerzy Barglik Microwave Processing of Metallic Glass/polymer Composite Material in A Separated H-Field 233 Song Li, Dmitri V. Louzguine-Luzgin, Guoqiang Xie, Motoyasu Sato and Akihisa Inoue Thermal Microwave Processing of Materials 243 Juan A. Aguilar-Garib Evaporators with Induction Heating and Their Applications 269 Anatoly Kuzmichev and Leonid Tsybulsky Application of Microwave Heating to Recover Metallic Elements from Industrial Waste 303 Joonho Lee and Taeyoung Kim Microwave Heating for Emolliating and Fracture of Rocks 313 Aleksander Prokopenko Use of Induction Heating in Plastic Injection Molding 339 Udo Hinzpeter and Elmar Wrona Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Coordination and Organometallic Compounds 345 Oxana V. Kharissova, Boris I. Kharisov and Ubaldo Ortiz Méndez The Effect of Microwave Heating on the Isothermal Kinetics of Chemicals Reaction and Physicochemical Processes 391 Borivoj Adnadjevic and Jelena Jovanovic The Use of Microwave Energy in Dental Prosthesis 423 Célia M. Rizzatti-Barbosa, Altair A. Del Bel Cury and Renata C. M. Rodrigues Garcia Ultra-fast Microwave Heating for Large Bandgap Semiconductor Processing 459 Mulpuri V. Rao Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Contents VII Magnetic Induction Heating of Nano-sized Ferrite Particles 483 Yi. Zhang and Ya. Zhai Microwave Heating of Organic Materials 501 Changes in Microwave-treated Wheat Grain Properties 503 Jerzy R. Warchalewski, Justyna Gralik, Stanisław Grundas, Anna Pruska-Kędzior and Zenon Kędzior Use of Microwave Radiation to Process Cereal-Based Products 531 Yoon Kil Chang, Caroline Joy Steel and Maria Teresa Pedrosa Silva Clerici Microwave Heating in Moist Materials 553 Graham Brodie Assessment of Microwave versus Conventional Heating Induced Degradation of Olive Oil by VIS Raman Spectroscopy and Classical Methods 585 Rasha M. El-Abassy, Patrice Donfack and Arnulf Materny Microwave Heating: a Time Saving Technology or a Way to Induce Vegetable Oils Oxidation? 597 Ricardo Malheiro, Susana Casal, Elsa Ramalhosa and José Alberto Pereira Experimental and Simulation Studies of the Primary and Secondary Vacuum Freeze Drying at Microwave Heating 615 Józef Nastaj and Konrad Witkiewicz Application of Microwave Heating on the Facile Synthesis of Porous Molecular Sieve Membranes 641 Aisheng Huang, and Jürgen Caro Microwave-assisted Domino Reaction in Organic Synthesis 673 Shu-Jiang Tu and Bo Jiang Application of Microwave Technology for Utilization of Recalcitrant Biomass 697 Shuntaro Tsubaki and Jun-ichi Azuma Microwave Heating Applied to Pyrolysis 723 Yolanda Fernández, Ana Arenillas and J. Ángel Menéndez Chapter 21 Part 2 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 Chapter 31 Pref ac e The induction and the microwave are physical phenomena that allow targeted heating of an applicable item for use in many fi elds of industry. The book off ers comprehensive coverage of the broad range of scientifi c knowledge in the fi elds of advances in induction and microwave heating of mineral and organic materials. Beginning with industry application in many areas of practical application to mineral materials and ending with raw materials of agriculture origin the authors, specialists in diff erent scientifi c area, present their results in two parts: Part 1 – Induc- tion and Microwave Heating of Mineral Materials, and Part 2 – Microwave Heating of Organic Materials. The book is divided into 31 chapters, some of which are concentrated in Part 1 – de- voted to mineral materials (Chapters 1-21), while those in Part 2 are focused on organic origin (Chapters 22-31). In Part 1 the research and development achievements in induction and microwave (MW) heating in metallurgy, chemical industry, electro-technical, and biomedical ap- plications are presented. At the beginning, recent studies on the following viewpoints at MW as a new technology are presented: MW heating of materials in separated E- and H-fi elds, fundamentals and smart application of thermal runway phenomena, and real- ization, interpretation and application of the long- debated subject of MW non-thermal eff ects (Chapter 1). In the next chapter (Chapter 2), a review of all kinds of application backgrounds of numerical simulation of MW heating process is given, followed with a discussion of the two most important techniques to help further the understanding of the complex MW heating process. Chapter 3 contains interesting information on the d-q modelling technique, proposed and applied in the case of a voltage inverter with LLC resonant load. The d-q model is embedded in a close-loop inverter model with voltage and frequency control. Further chapters (Chapter 4 and 5) are devoted to numerical modelling of industrial induction and describe the several involved physi- cal phenomena corresponding with mathematical models, and numerical methods for obtaining their solution (Chapter 4), but in chapter 5 the authors present a guide for the design and control of induction heating system which has the following con- tents: mathematical modelling of the heating coil and load; heating coil design using fi nite element magnetic so ware, mathematical modelling of the control loop system X Preface for diverse output topologies and diff erent control types, and control loop tuning using numerical computational tools. In Chapter 6 the authors present the way from given process parameters at the beginning to customized solution at the end at Hue inger. The chapter shows that it is advantageous for the development of customized solutions in induction heating, and there is a good cooperation between the technical know-how in the fi eld of generator development and long-term application experience. Chapter 7 is devoted to the development of methods for se ing optimal confi gurations for put- ting together inductor and work-piece while the highest electromagnetic coupling is achieved. Eff orts to make the application of electricity for mass heating more effi cient would make it more appealing for the industry, since nowadays environmental issues are becoming increasingly stringent, mainly those related to Global Warming, thus approaches to reduce greenhouse gas evolving are always welcome. In Chapter 8, the most popular methods for accurate power control in induction heating systems are discussed in the case of non-linearity of material properties. Some examples are shown and the classical approach to power control in the system is compared to the pulse width modulation case. The advantages and disadvantages of proposed design and process solutions are also discussed. In the next two sections (Chapters 9 and 10) the transverse fl ux induction heating is presented. In fi rst one (Chapter 9) two diff erent novel types – transverse fl ux induction heating (TFIH) and travelling wave induction heating (TWIH) are considered. Also, the novel crossed travelling wave induction heat- ing (C-TWIH) system for heating thin industrial strips is reported, together with its fi nite element method (FEM) simulations, and the travelling wave induction heating system with distributed windings and magnetic slot wedges (SW-TWIH) is proposed to address the inhomogeneous eddy current density problem which dominates the surface thermal distribution of work strips. In the second one (Chapter 10) continual induction heating of some thin non-ferrous metal strips by means of the TFIH system are discussed. In Chapter 11, MW processing of metallic glass/polymer composite is discussed. This chapter is devoted to the development of metallic glass/polymer com- posites by MW processing of the blend powders in a separated magnetic fi eld. Next, Chapter 12 is devoted to some cases of MW processing of materials, considering the conditions that could explain the “microwave eff ect”. Discussion in this chapter is cen- tred on ceramics where it has been demonstrated that, under certain conditions, MW can heat up these materials. In Chapter 13, historical aspects and physical principles of induction evaporation are shortly described. The further part of this chapter is devoted to devices and technology of induction evaporation for Physical Vapour Deposition of thin fi lms and coatings. At the end of the chapter the relation to modelling of induction evaporation and mass transfer from crucible to substrate as well as to simulation of coating thickness distribution on the substrate surface is described. In Chapter 14 the potential of MW heating to recover valuable elements from industrial waste is suggest- ed, and several practical applications are described. Chapter 15 is devoted to research processes of emolliating and fracture of rocks and other materials by their rapid MW heating. The dependence of the processes of rocks emolliating and fracture on some physical and dielectric performances is discussed, and questions linked with kimber- lite fracture are considered as well. Chapter 16 describes how an induction heating system in plastic injection moulding is designed. The use of numerical simulation in [...]... reported (Ma et al., 2007), where it is mentioned that heating rate in H-field is higher, and better heating behavior was observed in the subsequent heating And it is to be noticed that the heating curve (time-temperature) exhibits peaks at the initial stage of heating The 14 Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials authors of this report attributed this behavior to be due... the MW heating 4 Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials This INTEK book chapter is intended to introduce recent researches perfomed in the authors’ group especially by virture of the project supported by Japanese Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture (MEXT), to be mentioned later This paper starts with the historical tracing of MW heating researches And it... applicator and compared with that of graphite 18 Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials and NiO They were measured under the same input power of 670W (maximum), and the plots are shown in Fig 15 Graphite can be heated very well, and temperature rose up to 1000oC within 2min On the other hand, NiO and Cr2O3 had incubation time before onset of the rapid temperature increase... disinfecting dentures and in the treatment of denture stomatitis The last Chapter (21) of this group is devoted to the magnetic induction heating behaviours of ferrite nonmaterials and fluid in following aspects: basic knowledge of magnetic induction heating in ferrite nano -materials; the effect of magnetic field and frequency on heating efficiency and speed; and magnetic fluid hyperthermia behaviours In the... Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland e-mail: grundas@ipan.lublin.pl www.ipan.lublin.pl Part 1 Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral Materials 1 Recent Studies on Fundamentals and Application of Microwave Processing of Materials Noboru Yoshikawa Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tohoku University 6-6-02, aza-Aoba,... compact) The blue and red marks represent the ΔT, Hext values obtained in ascending and descending of Hext, respectively Keys in (b) are square; 4mm, triangle; 2.3mm, circle; 0.5mm 4 Applications 4.1 E-H Separated heating of thin metal films Recently, separated E- and H- field heating has been performed for the purpose of investigating the heating mechanisms and of discriminating the heating behaviors... related with heating of metals (cermets, composites) were presented in MRS symposium (Lorenson et al., 1991, Besher 1992) In ’95, Mingos attempted synthesis of metal sulfide by MW heating of metals (Whittaker and Mingos, 1995) In ’99, Roy et al (Roy et al., 1999) reported microwave full sintering of metals in Nature magazine And later, they attempted series of studies on heating of metals in the separated... corresponding to the wave length It can be seen that the wave length became shorter as an increase of average ε’ 8 Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials Fig 2 Simulated electric field in a body consisting of 30 cells of ceramic composite A cell shown upper right has dimension of 1mm in cell length The lower three images demonstrate the electric field distributions in. .. concentrating the following viewpoints as the new microwave technologies: 1 Fundamentals in MW heating of materials in consideration of separated heating mechanisms in E- and H- field and the static H- field imposition 2 Fundamentals and smart application of thermal runaway phenomena 3 Realization, interpretation and application of the long debating subject of MW nonthermal effects Concerning the above... pressure In heating of liquids, it is reported that super heating occurs This is simply interpreted that MW internal heating of liquid brings about high temperature area in the internal region of the liquids, however, the difficulty in (homogeneous) nucleation of vapor in the internal region (nucleation boiling) resulted in the temperature rise above the boiling point This is accompanied by areas having . ADVANCES IN INDUCTION AND MICROWAVE HEATING OF MINERAL AND ORGANIC MATERIALS Edited by Stanisław Grundas Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials Edited. broad range of scientifi c knowledge in the fi elds of advances in induction and microwave heating of mineral and organic materials. Beginning with industry application in many areas of practical. providing us motivation to the reseraches on understanding and application of the MW heating. Advances in Induction and Microwave Heating of Mineral and Organic Materials 4 This INTEK