Handbook of HEATING, VENTILATION, and AIR CONDITIONING © 2001 by CRC Press LLC The Mechanical Engineering Handbook Series Series Editor Frank Kreith Consulting Engineer Published Titles Handbook of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Jan F. Kreider Computational Intelligence in Manufacturing Handbook Jun Wang and Andrew Kusiak The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering Frank Kreith The CRC Handbook of Thermal Engineering Frank Kreith The Handbook of Fluid Dynamics Richard W. Johnson Forthcoming Titles Fuel Cell Technology Handbook Gregor Hoogers Air Pollution Control Technology Handbook Karl B. Schnelle and Charles A. Brown Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, Second Edition Frank Kreith and Massimo Capobianchi Hazardous and Radioactive Waste Treatment Technologies Handbook Chang H. Oh Handbook of Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation Engineering James Tulenko and David Hintenlang Inverse Engineering Handbook Keith A. Woodbury MEMS Handbook Mohamed Gad-el-Hak © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Edited by Jan F. Kreider, Ph.D., P.E. Handbook of HEATING, VENTILATION, and AIR CONDITIONING Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. CRC Press © 2001 by CRC Press LLC This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for iden- tification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Credits: Figures 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 — With permission from ASHRAE. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-9584-4 Library of Congress Card Number 00-064673 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning / edited by Jan F. Kreider. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-9584-4 (alk. paper) 1. Heating—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Ventilation—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Air conditioning—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. TH7225 .K74 2000 697—dc21 00-064673 CIP Dedication To the HVAC engineers of the 21 st century who will set new standards for efficient and sophisticated design of our buildings. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Preface During the past 20 years, design and operation of the comfort systems for buildings have been transformed because of energy conservation imperatives, the use of computer-based design aids, and major advances in intelligent management systems for buildings. In the 1970s, rules of thumb were widely used by designers. Today, a strong analytical basis for the design synthesis process is standard procedure. This handbook describes the latest methods for design and operation of new and existing buildings. In addition, the principles of life cycle economics are used routinely in design selections and tradeoffs. The information in this handbook is presented in a practical way that building systems engineers will find useful. The book is divided into eight sections: 1. Introduction to the buildings sector 2. Fundamentals 3. Economic aspects of buildings 4. HVAC equipment and systems 5. Controls 6. HVAC design calculations 7. Operation and maintenance 8. Appendices Because of ongoing and rapid change in the HVAC industry, new material will be developed prior to the standard handbook revision cycle. By link to the CRC Web site, the author will be periodically posting new material that owners of the handbook can access. Jan F. Kreider, Ph.D., P.E. Boulder, Colorado © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Editor Jan F. Kreider, Ph.D., P.E. is Professor of Engineering and Foun- ding Director of the University of Colorado’s (CU) Joint Center for Energy Management. He is co-founder of the Building Systems Program at CU and has written ten books on building systems, alternative energy, and other energy related topics, in addition to more than 200 technical papers. For ten years he was a technical editor of the ASME Transactions. During the past decade Dr. Kreider has directed more than $10,000,000 in energy-related research and development. His work on thermal analysis of buildings, building performance monitoring, building diagnostics, and renewable energy-research is known all over the world. Among his major accomplishments with his colleagues are the first applications of neural networks to building control, energy management and systems identifica- tion, and of applied artificial intelligence approaches for building design and operation. He also has worked for many years to involve women in the graduate program that he founded. More than 20 women have grad- uated with advanced degrees in his program. Dr. Kreider has assisted governments and universities worldwide in establishing renewable energy and energy efficiency programs and projects since the 1970s. He is a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and a registered professional engineer and member of several honorary and professional societies. Dr. Kreider recently received ASHRAE’s E.K. Campbell Award of Merit and the Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award, the College’s highest honor. Dr. Kreider earned his B.S. degree (magna cum laude) from Case Institute of Technology, and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in engineering from the University of Colorado. He was employed by General Motors for several years in the design and testing of automotive heating and air conditioning systems. Photo by: Renée Azerbegi © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Contributors Anthony F. Armor Electric Power Research Institute Palo Alto, California Peter Armstrong Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington James B. Bradford Schiller Associates, Inc. Boulder, Colorado Michael R. Brambley Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington James Braun Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana John A. Bryant Dept. of Construction Texas A&M University College Station, Texas David E. Claridge Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, Texas Peter S. Curtiss Kreider & Associates, LLC Boulder, Colorado Ellen M. Franconi Schiller Associates, Inc. Boulder, Colorado Jeffrey S. Haberl Dept. of Architecture Texas A&M University College Station, Texas Vahab Hassani Thermal Systems Branch National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado Steve Hauser Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington Joe Huang Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, California David Jump Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, California Srinivas Katipamula Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington Michael Kintner-Meyer Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington Moncef Krarti CEAE Department University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Jan F. Kreider Kreider & Associates, LLC Boulder, Colorado Mingsheng Liu College of Engineering University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska Paul Norton National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado Dennis L. O’Neal Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Texas A&M University College Station, Texas Robert G. Pratt Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington Ari Rabl École des Mines de Paris and University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado T. Agami Reddy Civil and Architectural Engineering Drexel University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Max Sherman Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley, California © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Table of Contents Section 1 Introduction to the Buildings Sector Introduction Jan F. Kreider Section 2 Fundamentals 2.1 Thermodynamic and Heat Transfer Basics Vahab Hassani and Steve Hauser 2.2 Psychrometrics and Comfort T. Agami Reddy Section 3 Economic Aspects of Buildings 3.1 Central and Distributed Utilities Anthony F. Armor and Jan F. Kreider 3.2 Economics and Costing of HVAC Systems Ari Rabl Section 4 HVAC Equipment and Systems 4.1 Heating Systems Jan F. Kreider 4.2 Air Conditioning Systems Dennis L. O’Neal and John A. Bryant 4.3 Ventilation and Air Handling Systems Ellen M. Franconi and James B. Bradford 4.4 Electrical Systems Moncef Krarti Section 5 Controls 5.1 Controls Fundamentals Peter S. Curtiss 5.2 Intelligent Buildings Michael R. Brambley, Peter Armstrong, Michael Kintner-Meyer, Robert G. Pratt, and Srinivas Katipamula Section 6 HVAC Design Calculations 6.1 Energy Calculations — Building Loads Ari Rabl and Peter S. Curtiss 6.2 Simulation and Modeling — Building Energy Consumption Joe Huang, Jeffrey S. Haberl, and Jan F. Kreider 6.3 Energy Conservation in Buildings Max Sherman and David Jump 6.4 Solar Energy System Analysis and Design T. Agami Reddy © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Section 7 Operation and Maintenance 7.1 HVAC System Commissioning David E. Claridge and Mingsheng Liu . 7.2 Building System Diagnostics and Preventive Maintenance Srinivas Katipamula, Robert G. Pratt, and James Braun Section 8 Appendices Paul Norton Appendix A Properties of Gases and Vapors Appendix B Properties of Liquids Appendix C Properties of Solids Appendix D Gases and Vapors Appendix E Composition and Heating Values of Common Fuels © 2001 by CRC Press LLC [...]... account for the largest sector of the U.S economy Construction, operation, and investment in buildings are industries to which every person is exposed daily One of the major expenditures in the life cycle of a building is the operation of its space conditioning systems — heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) — dwarfing the initial cost of these systems or of even the entire building itself... Psychrometrics and Comfort Atmospheric Composition and Pressure • Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air • Psychrometric Properties of Moist Air • Psychrometric Processes • Psychrometric Analysis of Basic HVAC Systems • Human Comfort 2.1 Thermodynamics Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Basics Vahab Hassani and Steve Hauser Design and analysis of energy conversion systems require an in-depth understanding of basic... Apparel and other textile products Lumber and wood products Furniture and fixtures Printing and publishing Rubber and miscellaneous plastics Leather and leather products Low-Energy Consumers This group is the low energy-consuming sector and represents a combination of end-use requirements Motor drive is one of the key end uses Source: Energy Information Administration, Of ce of Energy Markets and End... 10,000 and 20,000 square feet, are public order and safety, of ces, mercantile and service, and public assembly Small building types, less than 10,000 square feet, include warehouse and storage facilities, education facilities, food service, and sales Table 1.2 summarizes sector sizes and typical floor sizes Commercial End-Use Consumption Mercantile and service, and of ce buildings consume almost 40% of. .. influence on the type and amount of energy needed Of the total square footage of commercial of ce space, 67% is used for mercantile and service, of ces, warehouses and storage places, or educational facilities The average square footage for all building types ranges between 1,001 and 25,000 square feet The largest building types, between 20,000 and 25,000 square feet, are lodging and health care facilities... Economic Aspects of Buildings 3.1 Central and Distributed Utilities 3.2 Economics and Costing of HVAC Systems 4 HVAC Equipment and Systems 4.1 Heating Systems 4.2 Air Conditioning Systems 4.3 Ventilation and Air Handling Systems 4.5 Electrical Systems 5 Controls 5.1 Controls Fundamentals 5.2 Intelligent Buildings 6 HVAC Design Calculations 6.1 Energy Calculations — Building Loads 6.2 Simulation and Modeling... Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Other and renewables On-site electric Table 1.4 shows the relation between end use type in Figure 1.5 and the corresponding energy sources Space heating, lighting, and water heating are the three largest consumers of energy Natural gas and electricity directly competed in three of the major end uses — space heating, water heating, and cooking In each of these three, natural gas... and potential energy of a system are macroscopically observable Internal energy is associated with random and disorganized aspects of molecules of a system and is not directly observable In thermodynamic analysis of systems, the energy of the whole system can be obtained by adding the individual energy components Conservation of Energy — The First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics... feet of floor space (PNNL, 1997) These buildings consumed 126.5 thousand Btu of delivered energy use (or 252.4 thousand Btu of primary energy) per square foot of space Figure 1.1 shows that of the four main census regions, the South contains the highest percentage of commercial buildings, 38%, and the Northeast contains the least, 16% Commercial Buildings Disaggregated by Floor Space Sixty percent of. .. major industry groups and nonmanufacturing into 12 major industry groups In 1991, six of the 20 major industry groups in the manufacturing sector accounted for 88% of energy consumption for all purposes and for 40% of the output value for manufacturing: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Food and kindred products Paper and allied products Chemical and allied products Petroleum and coal products Stone, clay, and glass products . Titles Handbook of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Jan F. Kreider Computational Intelligence in Manufacturing Handbook Jun Wang and Andrew Kusiak The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering Frank. Handbook of HEATING, VENTILATION, and AIR CONDITIONING © 2001 by CRC Press LLC The Mechanical Engineering Handbook Series Series Editor Frank Kreith Consulting Engineer Published Titles Handbook. Data Handbook of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning / edited by Jan F. Kreider. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-9584-4 (alk. paper) 1. Heating—Handbooks,