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Mặc dù sự hiểu biết của con người về nấm men và những tính chất của nó mới được hơn 150 năm, nhưng ngay từ thời cổ đại, người ta đã biết dùng bột nổi (có lẽ gồm quần thể vi sinh vật tạo axit lactic và vài lòai nấm men). Đen đầu thế kỉ 19, nấm men bia, nấm men thải từ nhà máy rượu bia đã được con người sử dụng đế làm bánh mì. Cuối thế kỉ 19, nhiều cải tiến kỹ
Sentence transformation (Advanced) Exercise 7 1. You've (got) to see the manager tomorrow morning. 2. Every time we rang there wasn't any / was no answer. 3. Don't call him (by) such an / that insulting name. 4. "Which (one) do you want, the blue (one) or the green (one)?" John asked. 5. She thought Rome was even worse than Paris. 6. So long as you arrive before eleven, I can meet you. 7. All the prisoners will have been/be caught again by tonight. 8. I've warned you about (your) going near that dog. 9. I'd rather you didn't tell him. 10. I suggest (that) you (should) ask her yourself. Exercise 8 1. You'll need an up-to-date visa for Andorra. 2. John suggested (that) Barry (should) put a better lock on the door. suggested to Barry (that) he (should) put 3. Despite his (two) broken legs/both his legs being broken in the crash, he managed to get out of the car before it exploded. 4. This is the first time I have eaten this kind of food. 5. The firemen managed to put the fire out/ to put out the fire after fighting it for twelve hours. 6. Plans have been drawn (up) for an extension to the house. 7. We saw the house in Stratford-on-Avon where/in which Shakespeare was born. 8. You don't need/ don't have to/ need not finish by Saturday. 9. The journalist wanted to know how many survivors there were/ the number of survivors. 10. The meat was so rotten that it had to be thrown away. Exercise 9 1. Professor John Brown must/ has to be met at the airport. 2. If you don't have/haven't got a visa you can't visit the United States. 3. Peter asked if he could borrow Janet's typewriter/ Janet could lend him her typewriter. 4. She has worked/ has been working as a secretary/ has been a secretary for five years. 5. I don't know as much/so much about it as she does. 6. My French friend isn't used to/ accustomed to driving on the left. 7. The owner of the house is thought to be abroad. 8. If we had had enough money we would/could have gone on holiday. 9. The sea was too rough for the children to go swimming 10. I wish you had passed/ had managed to pass/ had succeeded in passing/ hadn't failed your driving test. Exercise 10 1. Travelling by air always makes me nervous. 2. The car was too expensive for him/ cost more than he could afford was so expensive that he couldn't afford/buy it. 3. He suggested (that) I/she (should) put my/her luggage and under the seat. 4. In spite of his good salary/ (his) earning a good salary/having a good salary/ of the fact that he earned a good salary he was unhappy in his job 5. He objected to his secretary Cs) coming late to work/ the fact that his secretary came 6. I wish I hadn't missed / had attended/ had been at/ had gone to your birthday party. 7. The streets have not been cleaned this week. 8. Apples are not usually as expensive/dear/so expensive/dear as oranges. 9. You'd better put your money in the bank. 10. It is such a dirty restaurant that no one wants to eat there. Exercise 11 1. John could hardly understand what his teacher said. 2. We can only get into the house if someone has a key. 3. You can't have locked the front door. Here's the key. 4. He'd rather play golf than tennis. 5. He wishes he had invited Molly to his party. 6. He told us/me to bring our/my swimming things in case it was sunny. 7. You don't need to/have to talk so loudly. 8. The last time I went to/ was in Bristol was three years ago. 9. This cheque has not been signed / is unsigned / has no signature / is without a signature 10. It's Tim's eighteenth birthday next week. Exercise 12 1. If he doesn't phone immediately he won't get any information. 2. When did they buy the house? 3. The broken vase could not be repaired. 4. The garden hasn't yet been dug. 5. Is this the cheapest carpet you have/have got? 6. These shoes are too small/ not big enough for my feet. 7. I am looking forward to meeting/seeing you. 8. This security guard told us to keep away from this area when we approached the fence. 9. It's the first time I have (ever) met such a famous person. 10. You don't have to/ need to take this pudding out of its tin to cook.