SKELETAL MUSCLE CLINICAL RELATIONS FROM MYOGENESIS TO Edited by Julianna Cseri SKELETAL MUSCLE – FROM MYOGENESIS TO CLINICAL RELATIONS Edited by Julianna Cseri Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2961 Edited by Julianna Cseri Contributors Kunihiro Sakuma, Akihiko Yamaguchi, Dylan Sweetman, Melanie Le May, Qiao Li, Yann Fedon, Anne Bonnieu, Stéphanie Gay, Barbara Vernus, Francis Bacou, Henri Bernardi, Thiago Gomes Heck, Sofia Pizzato Scomazzon, Mirna Stela Ludwig, Paulo Ivo Homem de Bittencourt Jr., Haruo Sugi, Takakazu Kobayashi, Teizo Tsuchiya, Shigeru Chaen, Seiryo Sugiura, Artem I. Malomouzh, Naomi E. Brooks, Kathryn H. Myburgh, Tiago Fernandes, Úrsula P.R. Soci, Stéphano F.S. Melo, Cléber R. Alves, Edilamar M. Oliveira, Arsalan Damirchi, Parvin Babaei, Meysam Gholamali, Kamal Ranjbar, Mariusz Henryk Madalinski, Leszek Kalinowski, Alba Gonzalez-Franquesa, Valeria De Nigris, Carles Lerin, Pablo M. Garcia-Roves, Ligia S. Almeidao, Celia Nogueirao, Laura Vilarinho, Avnika Ruparelia, Raquel Vaz, Robert Bryson-Richardson, M. Meznaric, I. Erzen Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published August, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations, Edited by Julianna Cseri p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0712-5 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Myogenesis and Muscle Regeneration 1 Chapter 1 Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Muscle Regeneration 3 Kunihiro Sakuma and Akihiko Yamaguchi Chapter 2 The Myogenic Regulatory Factors: Critical Determinants of Muscle Identity in Development, Growth and Regeneration 31 Dylan Sweetman Chapter 3 Retinoid X Receptor Signalling in the Specification of Skeletal Muscle Lineage 49 Melanie Le May and Qiao Li Chapter 4 Role and Function of Wnts in the Regulation of Myogenesis: When Wnt Meets Myostatin 73 Yann Fedon, Anne Bonnieu, Stéphanie Gay, Barbara Vernus, Francis Bacou and Henri Bernardi Section 2 Molecular Biology 103 Chapter 5 Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Skeletal Muscle 105 Thiago Gomes Heck, Sofia Pizzato Scomazzon, Mirna Stela Ludwig and Paulo Ivo Homem de Bittencourt Jr. Section 3 Mechanical Response 123 Chapter 6 Evidence for the Essential Role of Myosin Head Lever Arm Domain and Myosin Subfragment-2 in Muscle Contraction 125 Haruo Sugi, Takakazu Kobayashi, Teizo Tsuchiya, Shigeru Chaen and Seiryo Sugiura VI Contents Section 4 Neuromuscular Junction 141 Chapter 7 Non-Cholinergic Signaling Pathways at Vertebrate Neuromuscular Junctions 143 Artem I. Malomouzh Section 5 Use and Disuse 165 Chapter 8 Prevention of Skeletal Muscle Wasting: Disuse Atrophy and Sarcopenia 167 Naomi E. Brooks and Kathryn H. Myburgh Chapter 9 Signaling Pathways that Mediate Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy: Effects of Exercise Training 189 Tiago Fernandes, Úrsula P.R. Soci, Stéphano F.S. Melo, Cléber R. Alves and Edilamar M. Oliveira Chapter 10 Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Skeletal Muscle: Exercise and Aging 219 Arsalan Damirchi, Parvin Babaei, Meysam Gholamali and Kamal Ranjbar Section 6 Clinical Relations 243 Chapter 11 Clinical Aspects of Skeletal Muscle Modulators in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 245 Mariusz Henryk Madalinski and Leszek Kalinowski Chapter 12 Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function/Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes 257 Alba Gonzalez-Franquesa, Valeria De Nigris, Carles Lerin and Pablo M. Garcia-Roves Chapter 13 Nuclear-Mitochondrial Intergenomic Communication Disorders 293 Ligia S. Almeidao, Celia Nogueirao and Laura Vilarinho Chapter 14 Myofibrillar Myopathies and the Z-Disk Associated Proteins 317 Avnika Ruparelia, Raquel Vaz and Robert Bryson-Richardson Chapter 15 Muscle Fibre Phenotyping from a Single Section: Is it as Informative as from Serial Sections? 359 M. Meznaric and I. Erzen Preface The skeletal muscle as an element of the movement system and as a highly differentiated tissue is in the focus of the current scientific investigations. The in vivo and in vitro development of the muscle cells can be taken as a model for the cell proliferation and differentiation. Ever-increasing knowledge about the mechanism and determinants of the development and the regeneration makes the topic significant both in the theoretical and clinical aspects. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the muscular disorders offers more accurate basis for the therapeutic interventions leading to more effective treatment. The main advantage of this collection is the multidisciplinary approach of the topic. The chapters can be interested for clinicians, medical and health care students as well as researchers in the field of the molecular biology. Dr. Julianna Cseri Medical and Health Science Center, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Debrecen, Hungary [...]... all their complex regulatory circuits, are subject to regulation by non-coding RNAs Many miRNAs are expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle Some of them are found specifically, or at least are highly concentrated, in skeletal and/or cardiac muscle, suggesting 18 Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations specific roles in myogenesis [174] The expression of the muscle- specific miRNAs miR-1,... inflammatory infiltrate and tissue progenitors is crucial to devise new strategies toward implementing regeneration of diseased or injured tissues Regeneration of diseased muscles relies on muscle stem cells (satllite cells) located under the basal lamina of muscle fibers [12], which are activated in response to cytokines and growth factors [13] The current lack of knowledge of how 4 Skeletal Muscle – From. .. Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] inhibitory factor in overloaded, regenerating, and denervated rat muscles Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 1497: 77-88 Gregorevic P, Williams DA, Lynch GS (2002) Effects of leukemia inhibitory factor on rat skeletal muscles are modulated by clenbuterol Muscle Nerve 25:... intracellular signaling pathways has been described based on results of experiments with skeletal muscle cell types of different species and under various conditions Namely, in mouse and rat skeletal muscle preparations, the involvement of both the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) 8 Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations pathway and MAPK-independent signaling mechanisms, including PI3-K/Akt... appearance of immature myotubes in regenerating muscle compared with placebo-treated mice [88] Several other studies indicated such defects in skeletal muscle regeneration when calcineurin was inhibited [90, 91], whereas transgenic activation 10 Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations of calcineurin is known to markedly promote the remodeling of muscle fibers after damage [92, 93] Many researchers... inhibitory factor in skeletal muscle regeneration Muscle Nerve 20: 815-822 Barnard W, Bower J, Brown MA, Murphy M, Austin L (1994) Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) infusion stimulates skeletal muscle regeneration after injury: Injured muscle expresses LIF mRNA J Neurol Sci 123: 108-113 Austin L, Burgss AW (1991) Stimulation of myoblast proliferation in culture by leukaemia inhibitory factor and other cytokines... muscle growth and regeneration via the interleukin 4 and insulin-like growth factor 1 pathways Mol Cell Biol 26: 6664-6674 26 Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations [106] Kuwahara K, Barrientos T, Pipes GC, Li S, Olson EN (2005) Muscle- specific signaling mechanism that links actin dynamics to serum response factor Mol Cell Biol 25: 31733181 [107] Lange S, Xiang F, Yakovenko A, Vihola A,... factor Protein Expr Purif 1: 54-62 [45] Kami K, Semba E (1998) Localization of leukemia inhibitory factor and interleukin-6 messenger ribonucleic acids in regenerating rat skeletal muscle Muscle Nerve 21: 819822 [46] Sakuma K, Watanabe K, Sano M, Uramoto I, Totsuka T (2000) Differential adaptation of growth and differentiation factor 8/myostatin, fibroblast growth factor 6 and leukemia 22 Skeletal Muscle. .. myosin heavy chain (MHC) in reloaded soleus muscle after hindlimb suspension [158] TNF-α affects several intracellular signaling pathways leading to the activation of NF-κB, caspase 8, and stress-induced factors like c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK [159] Activation of NF-κB can inhibit myogenesis 16 Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations through several processes NF-κB can... Immunol 27: 375-387 20 Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations [16] Mozzetta C, Minetti G, Puri PL (2009) Regenerative pharmacology in the treatment of genetic diseases: The paradigm of muscular dystrophy Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41: 701-710 [17] Al-Shanti N, Stewart CE (2009) Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent transcriptional pathways: Potential mediators of skeletal muscle growth and development . SKELETAL MUSCLE CLINICAL RELATIONS FROM MYOGENESIS TO Edited by Julianna Cseri SKELETAL MUSCLE – FROM MYOGENESIS TO CLINICAL RELATIONS Edited by Julianna Cseri Skeletal. lamina of muscle fibers [12], which are activated in response to cytokines and growth factors [13]. The current lack of knowledge of how Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations. 91], whereas transgenic activation Skeletal Muscle – From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations 10 of calcineurin is known to markedly promote the remodeling of muscle fibers after damage [92, 93].