Chapter Title i Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers Seventh Edition Paul A.Alberto Georgia State University Anne C.Troutman University of Memphis Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio alb79942_FM.qxd 6/1/05 2:25 PM Page i Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman. Published by Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2006, 2003, 1999, 1990, 1986, 1982 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson ® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall ® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Merrill ® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Education Ltd. Pearson Education Australia Pty. Limited Pearson Education Singapore Pte. Ltd. Pearson Education North Asia Ltd. Pearson Education Canada, Ltd. Pearson Educación de Mexico, S.A. de C.V. Pearson Education Japan Pearson Education Malaysia Pte. Ltd. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN: 0-13-117994-2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alberto, Paul. Applied behavior analysis for teachers / Paul A. Alberto, Anne C. Troutman 7th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-13-117994-2 1. Behavior modification. 2. Students Psychology. 3. Human behavior. I. Troutman, Anne C. II. Title. LB1060.2.A43 2006 371.102'4 dc22 2005041462 Vice President and Executive Publisher: Jeffery W. Johnston Acquisitions Editor: Allyson P. Sharp Development Editor: Heather Doyle Fraser Editorial Assistant: Kathleen S. Burk Production Editor: Sheryl Glicker Langner Production Coordination: Norine Strang, Carlisle Publishers Services Design Coordinator: Diane C. Lorenzo Cover Designer: Ali Mohrman Cover Photo: Superstock Production Manager: Laura Messerly Director of Marketing: Ann Castel Davis Marketing Manager: Autumn Purdy Marketing Coordinator: Brian Mounts This book was set in Garamond by Carlisle Publishers Services. It was printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville, Inc. The cover was printed by Coral Graphic Services, Inc. alb79942_FM.qxd 6/1/05 2:25 PM Page ii Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman. Published by Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Preface We prepared the first edition of Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers over 20 years ago because we needed a technically sound, systematically organized, and readable text for our own students. We want students to understand concepts of applied behav- ior analysis and also to know how to apply those concepts in classrooms and other set- tings. Applied behavior analysis can make a difference; its principles can be used to teach academic skills, functional skills, and appropriate social behavior. Applied be- havior analysis is an overall management system, not a collection of gimmicks for keep- ing students under control. This is not a cookbook providing simple step-by-step directions for solving every pos- sible problem an educator might encounter. That would be impossible in any event: What makes working with children and young adults so much fun is that every one is different and no one procedure will be effective for all of them. We want students to be able to use the principles to create their own recipes for success. Successful application of the principles requires the full and active participation of a creative educator. Because we believe so strongly that applied behavior analysis is the most powerful teaching tool available, we stress learning to use it appropriately and ethically. Instructors will be interested in knowing that the text is as technically accurate and as well documented as we could make it. At the same time, weve tried to enliven it with examples students will enjoy reading. Our examples describe students from preschool through young adulthood functioning at various levels of ability. We describe poor teachers as well as excellent ones. Many of our examples describe the kind of teachers we think we are and hope your students will be good teachers who learn from their inevitable mistakes. TEXTORGANIZATION The text is organized in a manner that allows instructors to assign students a behavior- change project concurrently with lectures and readings. The text progresses from iden- tifying a target behavior to collecting and graphing data, selecting an experimental design, to conducting a functional analysis, arranging consequences, arranging an- tecedents, and generalizing behavior change. Weve tried to provide students with the basics of a teaching technology that will serve as a solid foundation for other methods courses. UPDATED ANDEXPANDEDCOVERAGE In preparing this seventh edition, we took to heart suggestions from colleagues and thoughtful letters from students using the book. We did, however, consider the mouse- trap example in Chapter 10 sufficiently illustrative to retain in spite of a letter from an irate animal rights activist who believed that we advocate violating the civil rights of poor defenseless mice. We have expanded and, we believe, improved, the chapter on functional assessment and functional analysis. We believe these tools, along with the development of Behav- ior Support Plans (also described in Chapter 10), promise to provide teachers with pow- erful ways of dealing with some of the most challenging behaviors students display, often without resorting to traditional, aversive, or punitive methods. iii alb79942_FM.qxd 6/1/05 2:25 PM Page iii Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman. Published by Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. We have, as always, searched the professional literature so that we can share with you the latest developments in the field. After rigorous consultation with various experts, in- cluding nieces, nephews, and grandchildren, we have updated our examples and tried to use current slang expressions and to address contemporary interests of children and young adults. We also found ourselves, once again, updating the prices of items when- ever money was mentioned. FEATURES OF THETEXT We have provided a series of classroom snapshots showing teachers implementing the principles of applied behavior analysis in a variety of settings. We hope these an- ecdotes will give you a sense of what it s like to be a teacher using these principles and of the powerful effects they can produce. We also hope that you will sense the joy, pride, and just sheer fun that teachers using the principles experience. The snapshots are in Chapter 13, but you might enjoy reading them earlier to see if you recognize some of the principles you re learning about. Throughout the book you will find marginal notes that refer readers to the books Companion Website (CW). These notes integrate technology with the text and cue read- ers to look for more information or resources on the website, invite them to gauge their understanding of chapter content by taking interactive self-quizzes, and direct them to Web-based activities for reflection and problem solving. SUPPLEMENTS The seventh edition has an enhanced supplement support package including a Com- panion Website, a supplementary online book entitled Graphing in Excel: A Step-by- Step Approach, an Instructors Manual with Test Items, a computerized test bank, and assessment software (Test Gen). Companion Website: Located at http://www.prenhall.com/alberto the Companion Web- site for this text includes a wealth of resources for both professors and students. The Syllabus Manager enables professors to create and maintain the class syllabus online while also allowing the student access to the syllabus at any time from any computer on the Internet. The student portion of the website helps students gauge their under- standing of chapter content through the use of online chapter reviews, resources, data sheets, activities related to the Graphing in Excel book, discussion questions on a na- tional message board, and interactive self-assessments. Graphing in Excel: A Step-by-Step Approach: Written by David Gihak, Paul Alberto, Anne Troutman, and Margaret Flores. This supplemental book is available online for download at http://www.prenhall.com/alberto and connects to Chapters 4 and 5 in the text. IM with Test Items and TestGen Software: The Instructors Manual (also available on- line at the Instructor s Resource Center, described on the next page, is organized by chap- ter and contains chapter objectives, summaries, and outlines key terms and definitions, in-class activities, homework assignments, video resources, additional text resources, and test items (including multiple choice, true/false, short answer, and essay questions). The computerized version of these test items (TestGen) is available in both Windows and Macintosh format, along with assessment software allowing professors to create and customize exams and track student progress. iv Preface alb79942_FM.qxd 6/1/05 2:25 PM Page iv Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman. Published by Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Overhead Transparencies/PowerPoints: The transparenciesavailable in PowerPoint slide format by going to the Instructor s Resource Center, described belowhighlight key concepts, summarize content, and illustrate figures and charts from the text. Instructor Resource Center: The Instructor Resource Center at www.prenhall.com has a variety of print and media resources available in downloadable, digital formatall in one location. As a registered faculty member, you can access and download pass-code protected resource files, course management content, and other premium online con- tent directly to your computer. Digital resources available for Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman include: Text-specific PowerPoint Lectures An online version of the Instructors Manual To access these items online, go to www.prenhall.com and click on the Instructor Sup- port button and then go to the Download Supplements section. Here you will be able to log in or complete a one-time registration for a user name and password. If you have any questions regarding this process or the materials available online, please contact your local Prentice Hall sales representative. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank all the people who helped us in the process of producing the seventh edition of Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, including all the profes- sionals at Merrill/Prentice Hall with whom we worked. Thanks to Heather Doyle Fraser and Kathy Burk. We appreciate the suggestions provided by those who reviewed the text: Jennifer Austin, University of South Florida; E. Paula Crowley, Illinois State Uni- versity; Philip L. Gunter, Valdosta State University; Therese C. Johnston, Kent State Uni- versity; Paul R. Malanga, University of South Dakota; Benjamin Smith, University of Texas at Austin; Once again, we thank Nancy Wilder for moral support, positive reinforcement, and a huge push at the end of the project. Thanks for the help, Nancy. Preface v alb79942_FM.qxd 6/1/05 2:25 PM Page v Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman. Published by Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Educator Learning Center: An Invaluable Online Resource Merrill Education and the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD) invite you to take advantage of a new online resource, one that provides access to the top research and proven strategies associated with ASCD and Merrillthe Educator Learning Center. At www.educatorlearningcenter.com, you will find resources that will enhance your students understanding of course topics and of current educational issues, in addition to being invaluable for further research. H OW THE E DUCATOR L EARNING C ENTER W ILL H ELP Y OUR S TUDENTS B ECOME B ETTER T EACHERS With the combined resources of Merrill Education and ASCD, you and your students will find a wealth of tools and materials to better prepare them for the classroom. RESEARCH More than 600 articles from the ASCD journal Educational Leadership discuss everyday issues faced by practicing teachers. A direct link on the site to Research Navigator gives students access to many of the leading education journals, as well as extensive content detailing the research process. Excerpts from Merrill Education texts give your students insights on important topics of instructional methods, diverse populations, assessment, classroom management, technology, and refining classroom practice. CLASSROOMPRACTICE Hundreds of lesson plans and teaching strategies are categorized by content area and age range. Case studies and classroom video footage provide virtual field experience for student reflection. Computer simulations and other electronic tools keep your students abreast of todays classrooms and current technologies. L OOK INTO THE V ALUE OF E DUCATOR L EARNING C ENTER Y OURSELF A four-month subscription to Educator Learning Center is $25 but is FREE when packaged with any Merrill Education text. In order for your students to have access to this site, you must use this special value-pack ISBN number WHEN placing your textbook order with the bookstore: 0-13-155985-0. Your students will then receive a copy of the text packaged with a free ASCD pincode. To preview the value of this website to you and your students, please go to www.educatorlearningcenter.com and click on Demo. vi alb79942_FM.qxd 6/1/05 2:25 PM Page vi Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman. Published by Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Brief Contents 1 ROOTS OFAPPLIEDBEHAVIORANALYSIS1 2 P REPARINGBEHAVIORALOBJECTIVES23 3 P ROCEDURES FORCOLLECTINGDATA53 4 G RAPHINGDATA97 5 S INGLE-SUBJECTDESIGNS117 6 D EVELOPING AHYPOTHESIS FORBEHAVIORCHANGE: F UNCTIONALASSESSMENT ANDFUNCTIONALANALYSIS169 7 A RRANGINGCONSEQUENCESTHATINCREASEBEHAVIOR211 8 A RRANGINGCONSEQUENCESTHATDECREASEBEHAVIOR259 9 D IFFERENTIALREINFORCEMENT: ANTECEDENTCONTROL AND SHAPING303 10 P ROVIDING FORGENERALIZATION OFBEHAVIORCHANGE337 11 T EACHINGSTUDENTS TOMANAGETHEIROWNBEHAVIOR361 12 R ESPONSIBLEUSE OFAPPLIEDBEHAVIORANALYSISPROCEDURES381 13 P UTTINGITALLTOGETHER399 A PPENDIX413 G LOSSARY419 R EFERENCES425 N AMEINDEX457 S UBJECTINDEX469 vii alb79942_FM.qxd 6/1/05 2:25 PM Page vii Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman. Published by Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. alb79942_FM.qxd 6/1/05 2:25 PM Page viii Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman. Published by Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Contents 1 ROOTS OFAPPLIEDBEHAVIORANALYSIS1 The Usefulness of Explanations 2 Biophysical Explanations 3 Biochemical Explanations 4 The Usefulness of Biophysical and Biochemical Explanations 5 Developmental Explanations 6 Psychoanalytic Theory 7 A Stage Theory of Cognitive Development 7 The Usefulness of Developmental Explanations 8 Cognitive Explanations 9 The Usefulness of Cognitive Explanations 10 Behavioral Explanations 12 Positive Reinforcement 12 Negative Reinforcement 12 Punishment 13 Extinction 13 Antecedent Control 13 Other Learning Principles 15 The Task of the Behaviorist 15 The Usefulness of Behavioral Explanations 15 Historical Development of Behaviorism 17 Historical Precedents 17 Philosophical and Psychological Antecedents 18 Summary 22 Key Terms 22 Discussion Questions 22 2 PREPARINGBEHAVIORALOBJECTIVES23 Definition and Purpose 24 Pinpointing Behavior 26 Educational Goals 27 Establishing Goals 27 Components of a Behavioral Objective 29 Identify the Learner 30 Identify the Target Behavior 30 Identify the Conditions of Intervention 33 Identify Criteria for Acceptable Performance 35 Format for a Behavioral Objective 37 ix alb79942_FM.qxd 6/1/05 2:25 PM Page ix Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman. Published by Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Expanding the Scope of the Basic Behavioral Objective 41 Hierarchy of Response Competence 41 Hierarchy of Levels of Learning 44 Learning Levels for the Learner with Limitations 47 Behavioral Objectives and the IEP 47 The Individual Transition Plan 49 The Behavioral Intervention Plan 50 Summary 51 Key Terms 52 Discussion Questions 52 3 PROCEDURES FORCO LLECTINGDATA53 A Rationale 54 Choosing a System 55 Anecdotal Reports 59 Structuring an Anecdotal Report 59 Permanent Product Recording 62 Observational Recording Systems 64 Event Recording 64 Interval Recording and Time Sampling 72 Duration and Latency Recording 85 Duration Recording 85 Latency Recording 86 How Can All This Be Done? 86 Summary of Data Collection Systems 90 Reliability 90 Factors That May Affect Data Collection and Interobserver Agreement 92 Summary 93 Key Terms 94 Discussion Questions 94 4 GRAPHINGDATA97 The Simple Line Graph 98 Basic Elements of the Line Graph 98 Transferring Data to a Graph 101 Additional Graphing Conventions 110 Cumulative Graphs 111 Bar Graphs 114 Summary 115 Key Terms 116 Discussion Questions 116 x Contents alb79942_FM.qxd 6/1/05 2:25 PM Page x Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman. Published by Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. [...]... textbook will change Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A Alberto and Anne C Troutman Published by Merrill Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc xv Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A Alberto and Anne C Troutman Published by Merrill Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc Chapter 1 Roots of Applied Behavior Analysis Did you know... 379 Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A Alberto and Anne C Troutman Published by Merrill Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc Contents 12 RESPONSIBLE USE OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS PROCEDURES 381 Concerns About Applied Behavior Analysis 382 Confusion with Other Procedures 383 Reaction to Controversial Procedures 384 Concerns About Coercion 385 Ethical Use of Applied. .. I: Reinforcement-Based Strategies 262 Differential Reinforcement of Lower Rates of Behavior 262 Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviors 264 Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior and Incompatible Behavior 267 Noncontingent Reinforcement 270 Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A Alberto and Anne C Troutman Published by Merrill Copyright © 2006 by Pearson... is, unfortunately, not uncommon Many professionals explain a great deal of students inappropriate behavior similarly The notion that certain kinds of behavior result from brain damage has its roots in the work Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A Alberto and Anne C Troutman Published by Merrill Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc Roots of Applied Behavior Analysis. .. Administration of Reinforcers 238 Group Contingencies and Peer Mediation 241 Schedules of Reinforcement 243 Negative Reinforcement 250 Natural Reinforcement 254 Summary 255 Key Terms 255 Discussion Questions 255 8 ARRANGING CONSEQUENCES THAT DECREASE BEHAVIOR 259 Procedural Alternatives for Behavior Reduction 262 Level I: Reinforcement-Based Strategies 262 Differential Reinforcement of Lower Rates of Behavior 262... ASSESSMENT AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS Behavior and Its Function 170 The Behavior Support Plan 177 Development of a Behavior Support Plan Summary 209 Key Terms 209 Discussion Questions 209 169 179 7 ARRANGING CONSEQUENCES THAT INCREASE BEHAVIOR 211 Positive Reinforcement 213 Choosing Effective Reinforcers 214 Making Reinforcers Contingent 218 Making Reinforcerment Immediate 218 Types of Reinforcers 219 Contracting... Cognitive Explanations Behavioral Explanations Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A Alberto and Anne C Troutman Published by Merrill Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc Chapter 1 2 Punishment Extinction Antecedent Control Other Learning Principles The Task of the Behaviorist The Usefulness of Behavioral Explanations... Effectiveness of Methods for Fading Prompts Effective Prompting 321 Teaching Complex Behaviors 322 Task Analysis 322 Chaining 325 How to Manage Teaching Chains 328 303 306 319 Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A Alberto and Anne C Troutman Published by Merrill Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc xiv Contents Differential Reinforcement for Shaping Summary 335 Key... Although all the theories described so far provide information about human behavior, none of them meets all four of our criteria The explanations we have provided Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A Alberto and Anne C Troutman Published by Merrill Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc Roots of Applied Behavior Analysis 11 are very general, and our conclusions about... anal-expulsive stage of behavior Neither explanation adds anything useful to our information about the problem Haughton and Ayllon (1965) offered one example of the fluency with which many professionals are willing to invoke unparsimonious explanations of behavior The authors were working with a hospitalized mental patient whose behavior for many years Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, . Explanations Behavioral Explanations Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Roots of Applied Behavior Analysis alb79942_ch01.qxd 5/31/05 8:40 PM Page 1 Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, . Behavior 30 Identify the Conditions of Intervention 33 Identify Criteria for Acceptable Performance 35 Format for a Behavioral Objective 37 ix alb79942_FM.qxd 6/1/05 2:25 PM Page ix Applied Behavior. 2 Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Seventh Edition, by Paul A. Alberto and Anne C. Troutman. Published by Merrill. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Roots of Applied Behavior Analysis