CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N P ARKER , M.D AND P HILIP M P ARKER , P H D., E DITORS ii ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc All rights reserved This book is protected by copyright No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher Printed in the United States of America Last digit indicates print number: 10 Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N Parker and Philip M Parker, editors p cm Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index ISBN: 0-497-00229-9 Chinese Herbal Medicine-Popular works I Title iii Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc (ICON Group) However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: iconedit@san.rr.com) ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book iv Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on Chinese herbal medicine Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD This support is gratefully acknowledged Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support v About the Editors James N Parker, M.D Dr James N Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D from the University of California, San Diego In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions Dr Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications Philip M Parker, Ph.D Philip M Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore) Dr Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA Dr Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications vi About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health vii Table of Contents FORWARD CHAPTER STUDIES ON CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE Overview The Combined Health Information Database Federally Funded Research on Chinese Herbal Medicine The National Library of Medicine: PubMed CHAPTER NUTRITION AND CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE 15 Overview 15 Finding Nutrition Studies on Chinese Herbal Medicine 15 Federal Resources on Nutrition 16 Additional Web Resources 16 CHAPTER ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE 19 Overview 19 The Combined Health Information Database 19 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine 20 Additional Web Resources 31 General References 35 CHAPTER DISSERTATIONS ON CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE 37 Overview 37 Dissertations on Chinese Herbal Medicine 37 Keeping Current 37 CHAPTER BOOKS ON CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE 39 Overview 39 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies 39 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers 40 Chapters on Chinese Herbal Medicine 41 APPENDIX A PHYSICIAN RESOURCES 45 Overview 45 NIH Guidelines 45 NIH Databases 47 Other Commercial Databases 49 APPENDIX B PATIENT RESOURCES 51 Overview 51 Patient Guideline Sources 51 Finding Associations 53 APPENDIX C FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES 55 Overview 55 Preparation 55 Finding a Local Medical Library 55 Medical Libraries in the U.S and Canada 55 ONLINE GLOSSARIES 61 Online Dictionary Directories 61 CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE DICTIONARY 63 INDEX 91 FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with Chinese herbal medicine is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about Chinese herbal medicine, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to Chinese herbal medicine, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on Chinese herbal medicine Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to Chinese herbal medicine, these are noted in the text E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated) If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on Chinese herbal medicine The Editors From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know 82 Chinese Herbal Medicine covers most of the organs in the abdomen) [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs [EU] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates EC 3.1.- [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physiologic: Having to with the functions of the body When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc according to the number of amino acids contained [EU] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances The guidelines may be developed by government Dictionary 83 agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery [NIH] Preclinical: Before a disease becomes clinically recognizable [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time [NIH] Private Practice: Practice of a health profession by an individual, offering services on a person-to-person basis, as opposed to group or partnership practice [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for exploring or sounding body cavities [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity [EU] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements The proton mass is less than that of a neutron A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism [NIH] Putrefaction: The process of decomposition of animal and vegetable matter by living 84 Chinese Herbal Medicine organisms [NIH] Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ultraviolet irradiation They consist of two adjacent pyrimidine nucleotides, usually thymine nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring These dimers stop DNA replication [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these The most common source is the sun [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy) Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body Also called radiotherapy [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell [NIH] Rectum: The last to 10 inches of the large intestine [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord [NIH] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.) This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration) [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, Dictionary 85 psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored [NIH] Rye: A hardy grain crop, Secale cereale, grown in northern climates It is the most frequent host to ergot (claviceps), the toxic fungus Its hybrid with wheat is triticale, another grain [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NIH] Salicylic: A tuberculosis drug [NIH] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic) [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms [NIH] Secretion: The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance Any substance produced by secretion [EU] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma [NIH] Sensibility: The ability to receive, feel and appreciate sensations and impressions; the quality of being sensitive; the extend to which a method gives results that are free from false negatives [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body [NIH] Spastic: Of the nature of or characterized by spasms Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy [EU] 86 Chinese Herbal Medicine Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on special branch of medical science [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun [EU] Spectrin: A high molecular weight (220-250 kDa) water-soluble protein which can be extracted from erythrocyte ghosts in low ionic strength buffers The protein contains no lipids or carbohydrates, is the predominant species of peripheral erythrocyte membrane proteins, and exists as a fibrous coating on the inner, cytoplasmic surface of the membrane [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts Also called epidermoid carcinoma [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts Also called epidermoid carcinoma [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body [NIH] Sterility: The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.) The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms [EU] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation [NIH] Stimulant: Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue An agent or remedy that produces stimulation [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure Any condition or situation that causes strain or Dictionary 87 tension Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both [NIH] Stromal: Large, veil-like cell in the bone marrow [NIH] Stromal Cells: Connective tissue cells of an organ found in the loose connective tissue These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality [EU] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis) [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function [NIH] Tolerance: The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response [EU] Tone: The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus A particular quality of sound or of voice To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal [EU] Tonic: Producing and restoring the normal tone Characterized by continuous tension A term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue [EU] Tonus: A state of slight tension usually present in muscles even when they are not undergoing active contraction [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body [NIH] Toxic: Having to with poison or something harmful to the body Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects [NIH] 88 Chinese Herbal Medicine Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals [NIH] Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion) [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic It is analogous to bacterial transformation [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults It is a precursor serotonin and niacin [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium [NIH] Type diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body It empties urine from the bladder [NIH] Urinary: Having to with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle [EU] Ventricular Function: The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the ventricles [NIH] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins [NIH] Vesicular: Composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies Pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and Dictionary 89 treatment of diseases in animals [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus [EU] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells [NIH] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others [NIH] Xanthine: An urinary calculus [NIH] Xanthine Oxidase: An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FAD that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria EC 1.1.3.22 [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species [NIH] 91 INDEX 3-dimensional, 8, 63 A Abdomen, 63, 66, 77, 78, 82, 86 Abdominal, 41, 63, 77, 81, 82, 83 Abdominal Pain, 41, 63, 77 Aconitine, 11, 63 Actinin, 63, 72 Acute renal, 10, 63 Age of Onset, 63, 88 Agonist, 63, 71, 81 Airway, 23, 25, 29, 63 Aldehydes, 63, 89 Algorithms, 63, 66 Alkaline, 63, 67 Alkaloid, 37, 63, 68, 81 Allergen, 29, 63 Allergic Rhinitis, 24, 30, 63, 74 Alpha Particles, 63, 84 Alternative medicine, 63 Alternative nutrition, 33, 64 Amine, 64, 75 Amino Acid Sequence, 64 Amphetamines, 64, 68 Anaesthesia, 25, 30, 64 Anaphylactic, 5, 64 Anaphylaxis, 64 Androgenic, 5, 64 Anesthesia, 63, 64 Animal model, 41, 64 Antiandrogens, 4, 64, 66 Antibacterial, 24, 64, 86 Antibodies, 9, 14, 64, 82 Antibody, 64, 65, 69, 76, 77, 84 Anticonvulsant, 28, 64 Antigen, 64, 69, 75, 76 Anti-inflammatory, 7, 65, 79, 85 Anxiety, 42, 65 Apoptosis, 8, 65 Aqueous, 65, 70 Arterioles, 65, 66, 67 Artery, 65, 66, 80, 83, 84, 88 Ascites, 16, 27, 65 Aspiration, 21, 65 Assay, 5, 65 Astringents, 65, 79 Asymptomatic, 20, 65 Atmospheric Pressure, 25, 65 Atopic, 8, 13, 65 Atopic Eczema, 13, 65 Autoimmune disease, 65 Autoimmunity, 30, 65 B Bacteria, 64, 65, 73, 79, 86, 88 Base, 9, 64, 65, 78 Basophil, 65, 75 Bicalutamide, 5, 66 Bile, 66, 73, 78 Biochemical, 12, 41, 66 Biological response modifier, 66, 77 Biotechnology, 8, 23, 47, 66 Bladder, 66, 83, 88 Bloating, 66, 77 Blood Coagulation, 66, 67 Blood Glucose, 6, 66, 76 Blood pressure, 66, 79 Blood vessel, 66, 72, 78, 79, 85, 88 Bone Marrow, 24, 66, 74, 78, 79, 80, 87 Bone Marrow Cells, 24, 66, 74, 79 Boron, 66, 70 Bowel, 3, 41, 66, 71, 77, 82, 86 Bronchi, 66 Bronchial, 29, 66, 75 C Cadmium, 27, 66 Cadmium Poisoning, 66 Calcineurin, 29, 67 Calcium, 25, 67, 69, 80, 85 Calmodulin, 67 Capillary, 21, 24, 67, 88 Capsules, 4, 67 Carbohydrate, 28, 67, 74 Carcinogen, 7, 67 Carcinogenesis, 7, 67 Carcinogenic, 67, 76 Carcinoma, 25, 67 Cardiac, 13, 67, 80 Cardiomyopathy, 31, 67 Case report, 9, 12, 67, 68 Castration, 4, 67 Cell, 5, 8, 23, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 Cell Death, 65, 67, 80 Cell Differentiation, 67, 85 Cell Division, 65, 68, 79, 82 92 Chinese Herbal Medicine Cell proliferation, 8, 68, 85 Central Nervous System, 64, 67, 68, 75 Cerebral, 21, 26, 68, 70, 85 Cerebrum, 68 Cholinergic, 68, 81 Chromatin, 65, 68, 78 Chronic, 13, 22, 40, 41, 65, 68, 76, 78, 85, 87 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 41, 68 Clinical Medicine, 68, 83 Clinical study, 68, 70 Clinical trial, 4, 47, 68, 71, 84 Cloning, 66, 68 Coca, 68 Cocaine, 7, 68 Colitis, 68, 77 Collagen, 12, 28, 68, 83 Colloidal, 68, 72 Colon, 68, 77 Complement, 69 Complementary and alternative medicine, 19, 20, 35, 69 Complementary medicine, 20, 69 Computational Biology, 47, 69 Condyloma, 20, 69 Congestion, 69, 72 Conjugated, 69, 70 Connective Tissue, 66, 68, 69, 78, 79, 87 Constipation, 41, 69, 73, 77 Constriction, 70, 78 Contact dermatitis, 12, 26, 70 Contraindications, ii, 70 Controlled clinical trial, 10, 70 Convulsions, 64, 70 Corticosteroids, 10, 70 Cues, 7, 70 Curcumin, 21, 70 Cutaneous, 8, 11, 70 Cytochrome, 29, 70 Cytokine, 5, 70 Cytoplasm, 65, 70, 72, 78, 80 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 70, 72 Cytotoxic, 70, 85 D Decarboxylation, 70, 75 Degenerative, 70, 75 Deletion, 65, 70 Depolarization, 71, 85 Dermatitis, 8, 12, 26, 71 Diabetic Foot, 16, 30, 71 Diagnostic procedure, 71 Diarrhea, 30, 31, 41, 71, 73, 77 Digestion, 66, 71, 77, 78, 86 Digestive system, 71, 74 Digestive tract, 71, 86 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 13, 71 Direct, iii, 68, 71, 84 Dissociation, 71, 77 Distention, 41, 71 Dopamine, 68, 71, 81 Double-blind, 13, 71 Dyes, 71 Dystrophin, 21, 71 Dystrophy, 72 E Edema, 70, 72, 80 Efficacy, 5, 8, 19, 24, 41, 72 Elastin, 68, 72 Electrons, 65, 72, 77, 81, 84 Electrophoresis, 21, 72 Endothelial cell, 24, 72 Environmental Health, 27, 46, 48, 72 Enzymatic, 67, 69, 72, 75 Enzyme, 72, 80, 85, 89 Eosinophil, 72, 74 Epidemic, 6, 72 Epidemiological, 19, 72 Epidermoid carcinoma, 72, 86 Epithelium, 69, 72 Erectile, 23, 72 Erection, 72 Ergot, 14, 72, 85 Erythema, 8, 70, 72 Erythrocytes, 66, 73 Evacuation, 69, 73 Exocytosis, 73, 75 Exogenous, 73, 88 Extraction, 21, 26, 73 F Family Planning, 47, 73 Fat, 66, 73, 78, 85 Fatigue, 68, 73 Feces, 69, 73, 86 Fetal Blood, 26, 73 Fetus, 73, 82 Fluorescence, 9, 11, 27, 73 Foot Ulcer, 71, 73 Functional Disorders, 41, 73 Fungus, 72, 73, 85 G Gallbladder, 63, 71, 73 Gangrene, 16, 30, 73 Gas, 73, 75, 77, 81 Gastric, 73, 75 Gastroenterologist, 4, 73 93 Gene, 5, 66, 72, 74, 77 Generator, 27, 74 Genitals, 69, 74 Ginseng, 20, 33, 74 Gland, 74, 78, 81, 83, 85, 86 Glomerular, 74, 84 Glucose, 6, 66, 74, 76 Glucose tolerance, 6, 74 Glucose Tolerance Test, 74 Glycoprotein, 74 Gonads, 67, 74 Governing Board, 74, 83 Granulocyte, 9, 74 Granulocyte-Macrophage ColonyStimulating Factor, 9, 74 H Hay Fever, 63, 74 Headache, 74, 83 Hepatic, 74, 75 Hepatitis, 10, 11, 13, 20, 22, 24, 75 Hepatocytes, 75 Heredity, 74, 75 Histamine, 5, 75 Histamine Release, 5, 75 Histidine, 75 Histones, 67, 68, 75 HIV, 9, 12, 20, 24, 30, 32, 39, 47, 48, 52, 75, 78 Homeostasis, 6, 75 Hormone, 70, 75, 76, 85 Hydrogen, 64, 65, 67, 75, 79, 81, 83 Hydroxylysine, 68, 75 Hydroxyproline, 68, 75 Hypersensitivity, 63, 64, 72, 75 Hypoxanthine, 75, 89 I Immune response, 65, 76, 87, 89 Immune system, 40, 65, 76, 79, 89 Immunity, 29, 76 Immunodeficiency, 27, 39, 52, 75, 76 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 39, 75, 76 Immunologic, 75, 76 Immunophilin, 67, 76 Immunosuppressive, 13, 67, 76 Impotence, 72, 76 In vitro, 8, 9, 24, 76 In vivo, 6, 8, 76 Infarction, 76, 84 Infection, 12, 66, 71, 74, 76, 78, 80, 87, 89 Infertility, 9, 76 Inflammation, 29, 63, 65, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 82, 86 Ingestion, 11, 12, 25, 28, 66, 74, 76, 82 Inhalation, 76, 82 Initiation, 7, 76 Insomnia, 76, 83 Insulin, 6, 23, 74, 76, 88 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 76 Interferon, 22, 77 Interferon-alpha, 77 Interleukin-1, 21, 77 Interleukin-10, 21, 77 Interleukin-2, 77 Intermittent, 27, 77 Interstitial, 77, 84 Intestinal, 74, 77 Intestine, 66, 75, 77, 84 Intracellular, 76, 77, 85 Invasive, 25, 76, 77 Involuntary, 77, 84 Ionization, 25, 77 Ions, 65, 67, 71, 75, 77 Irradiation, 77, 84 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 3, 14, 22, 32, 41, 73, 77 Ischemia, 21, 26, 78, 80, 84 K Kb, 46, 78 Kidney Disease, 6, 46, 78 L Latency, 7, 78 Lentivirus, 75, 78 Lesion, 73, 78, 88 Ligament, 78, 83 Lipid, 76, 78 Liver, 5, 6, 10, 13, 63, 66, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78 Liver Transplantation, 10, 78 Localized, 71, 76, 78, 82, 85, 88 Locomotion, 78, 82 Locomotor, 21, 78 Lymph, 72, 75, 78 Lymph node, 78 Lymphadenopathy, 75, 78 Lymphatic, 16, 27, 28, 32, 76, 78, 79, 86, 87 Lymphatic system, 78, 86, 87 Lymphocyte Subsets, 9, 78 Lymphocytes, 65, 67, 77, 78, 79, 86, 87, 89 Lymphoid, 64, 70, 78, 79 M Macrophage, 74, 77, 79 Malignant, 8, 79 MEDLINE, 47, 79 Megakaryocytes, 66, 79 Membrane, 63, 69, 71, 72, 73, 79, 85, 86, 89 94 Chinese Herbal Medicine Memory, 29, 79 Menstrual Cycle, 79, 83 Mental, iv, 4, 46, 48, 71, 73, 79, 88 Mercury, 27, 79 Mesenchymal, 74, 79 Meta-Analysis, 22, 79 Methyl salicylate, 28, 79 Microorganism, 79, 81, 89 Mitosis, 65, 79 Molecular, 6, 8, 12, 24, 47, 49, 66, 67, 69, 79, 86 Molecule, 65, 69, 71, 79, 81, 84, 85 Monitor, 5, 79 Monocytes, 77, 79 Mononuclear, 9, 79, 80 Motility, 73, 80 Muscle Contraction, 72, 80 Myocardial Reperfusion, 80, 84 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 80, 84 Myofibrils, 72, 80 Myosin, 67, 80 N Nausea, 80, 83, 88 Necrosis, 65, 76, 80, 84 Nephropathy, 78, 80 Nervous System, 68, 80, 87 Neurologic, 75, 80 Neurons, 68, 80, 81, 87 Neuropathy, 41, 80 Neurotransmitter, 71, 75, 80, 85, 87 Neutrons, 63, 77, 81, 84 Nicotine, 7, 81 Nitrogen, 63, 64, 81, 88 Nucleus, 65, 68, 70, 78, 80, 81, 83 O Oxidation, 70, 81 P Pancreas, 63, 71, 76, 81 Papilloma, 69, 81 Paralysis, 40, 81, 85 Parasite, 64, 81 Partnership Practice, 81, 83 Pathogen, 30, 81 Pathologic, 65, 75, 81 Pathologic Processes, 65, 81 Patient Education, 52, 56, 58, 61, 81 Pelvic, 81, 83 Perianal, 69, 81 Peripheral blood, 9, 77, 81 Peritoneal, 16, 27, 28, 65, 81, 82 Peritoneal Cavity, 65, 82 Peritoneum, 81, 82 Pharmacologic, 64, 82, 88 Phospholipases, 82, 85 Phosphorus, 67, 82 Physiologic, 63, 79, 82, 84 Pilot study, 24, 82 Placenta, 73, 82 Plants, 63, 68, 74, 82, 88 Plasma, 64, 72, 74, 82, 85 Plasma cells, 64, 82 Platelet Activation, 82, 85 Pneumonia, 21, 70, 82 Poisoning, 11, 12, 66, 72, 79, 80, 82 Polypeptide, 64, 68, 82 Postsynaptic, 82, 85, 87 Potentiates, 77, 82 Potentiation, 82, 85 Practice Guidelines, 48, 82 Preclinical, 19, 83 Precursor, 23, 71, 72, 83, 88 Premenstrual Syndrome, 41, 83 Prevalence, 6, 83 Private Practice, 3, 83 Probe, 13, 83 Progression, 4, 7, 64, 83 Progressive, 67, 80, 82, 83, 84 Proline, 68, 75, 83 Prostate, 4, 83 Protein S, 66, 83 Proteins, 64, 65, 68, 69, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 88 Protons, 63, 75, 83, 84 Public Policy, 47, 83 Pulse, 79, 83 Purines, 83, 89 Putrefaction, 73, 83 Pyrimidine Dimers, 7, 84 R Radiation, 8, 63, 73, 77, 84 Radiation therapy, 63, 77, 84 Radioactive, 75, 77, 84 Radiopharmaceutical, 74, 84 Randomized, 3, 6, 10, 13, 14, 22, 30, 72, 84 Receptor, 5, 27, 65, 71, 84, 85 Rectum, 68, 71, 73, 83, 84 Refer, 1, 69, 78, 81, 84 Reflex, 21, 84 Regimen, 72, 84 Relapse, 4, 84 Renal failure, 25, 84 Reperfusion, 21, 26, 80, 84 Reperfusion Injury, 26, 84 Respiration, 79, 84 95 Retinoids, 84, 89 Rye, 72, 85 S Salicylate, 85 Salicylic, 28, 85 Scleroderma, 12, 32, 85 Screening, 68, 85 Secretion, 5, 75, 76, 85 Semen, 83, 85 Sensibility, 64, 85 Sequencing, 11, 85 Serum, 5, 69, 85 Side effect, 85, 87 Signal Transduction, 7, 67, 85 Signs and Symptoms, 84, 85 Smooth muscle, 25, 64, 75, 85, 87 Soft tissue, 66, 85 Spastic, 77, 85 Specialist, 53, 86 Species, 64, 75, 78, 79, 81, 86, 88, 89 Spectrin, 72, 86 Spectrum, 70, 86 Sperm, 11, 86 Sperm Motility, 11, 86 Spermatozoon, 86 Spinal cord, 68, 80, 84, 86 Spleen, 21, 78, 86 Squamous, 27, 72, 86 Squamous cell carcinoma, 27, 72, 86 Squamous cells, 86 Sterility, 76, 86 Steroids, 70, 86 Stimulant, 75, 86 Stimulus, 78, 84, 86 Stomach, 63, 71, 73, 74, 75, 80, 82, 86 Stool, 68, 77, 86 Stress, 26, 73, 77, 80, 86 Stromal, 66, 87 Stromal Cells, 66, 87 Subacute, 76, 87 Subclinical, 76, 87 Substance P, 85, 87 Symphysis, 83, 87 Synaptic, 80, 81, 85, 87 Synaptic Transmission, 81, 87 Systemic, 5, 64, 66, 76, 77, 84, 85, 87 T Thymus, 78, 87 Tissue, 6, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 72, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87 Tolerance, 74, 87 Tone, 25, 87 Tonic, 6, 87 Tonus, 87 Topical, 26, 65, 87 Toxic, iv, 5, 37, 76, 80, 81, 85, 87, 88 Toxicity, 79, 88 Toxicology, 22, 23, 28, 48, 88 Toxins, 65, 76, 88 Transduction, 85, 88 Transfection, 66, 88 Tryptophan, 68, 88 Tuberculosis, 85, 88 Type diabetes, 6, 88 U Ulcer, 16, 30, 88 Uremia, 84, 88 Urethra, 83, 88 Urinary, 88, 89 V Vaccines, 88, 89 Vascular, 64, 71, 76, 82, 88 Vasodilator, 71, 75, 80, 88 Ventricle, 83, 88 Ventricular, 13, 80, 88 Ventricular Function, 13, 88 Venules, 66, 67, 88 Vesicular, 65, 88 Veterinary Medicine, 47, 88 Viral, 40, 88, 89 Virus, 27, 39, 52, 75, 77, 88, 89 Vitamin A, 52, 89 Vitro, 89 Vivo, 26, 29, 89 Voltage-gated, 63, 89 W White blood cell, 64, 65, 74, 78, 79, 82, 89 X Xanthine, 29, 89 Xanthine Oxidase, 29, 89 Xenograft, 64, 89 96 Chinese Herbal Medicine ... DISSERTATIONS ON CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE 37 Overview 37 Dissertations on Chinese Herbal Medicine 37 Keeping Current 37 CHAPTER BOOKS ON CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE. .. AND CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and Chinese herbal medicine Finding Nutrition Studies on Chinese Herbal. .. output you can expect from PubMed for Chinese herbal medicine (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): • A controlled trial of traditional Chinese herbal medicine in Chinese patients with recalcitrant