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Một số cấu trúc đi với DĐTDanh từ + giới từ + DĐT: choice of reason for intention of method of for excuse for possibility of for I cannot accept the reason for his coming late. Một số cấu trúc đi với DĐTDanh từ + giới từ + DĐT: choice of reason for intention of method of for excuse for possibility of for I cannot accept the reason for his coming late.
ADVERB CLAUSES Prepared by vmhuetn@gmail.com TOEFL class Overview Examples: The people danced as the music played Since Max seldom talks about himself, I did not know he liked classical ballet I bought the book so that I could read on the flight A subordinate clause Contain a clause marker, a subject and a verb Come before or after the main clause / independent clause Kinds of subordinators Time After By the time When As Once Whenever Before Since While As soon as Till / until The people danced as the music played We worked as long as we could 2 Kinds of subordinators Manner As As if / As though Just as Betty looks as if something is wrong The wind was cold yesterday just as it had been all week long 2 Kinds of subordinators Cause and effect (reason) Because As Since So that Now that We should take a first - aid kit in case there is an accident Since Max seldom talks about himself, I did not know he liked classical ballet 2 Kinds of subordinators Condition If Even if Only if In the event that In case that Provided (that) Unless We can go camping with Bill provided we bring our own equipment 2 Kinds of subordinators Purpose So that So (that) In order that He wrote that memo in order that there would be no misunderstandings I bought the book so that I could read on the flight 2 Kinds of subordinators Results so that such that The lock on my suitcase broke so that all my belongings fell onto the conveyor belt She got such a shock that she dropped the tray 2 Kinds of subordinators Concession / Oppositions Although As much as Despite the fact that Even if Even though Except that In spite of the fact that Not that Though Whereas While Jim goes hiking, despite the fact that he has asthma Jenny’s smile is an important aspect of her personality, even if she does not realize it 2 Kinds of subordinators Place Everywhere Wherever Where Everywhere he went, people admired him Wherever I looked, I found fingerprints 3 Reduced adverb clauses An adverb clause can be changed to a reduced one if the subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause are the same A reduced adverb clause consists of: a present participle (active voice) or a past participle (passive voice) or an adjective + clause maker (although, when, while) Reduced adverb clauses Adverb clauses that begin with after, before, since, when, and while are frequently reduced to phrases When reducing adverb clauses that begin with because, when or while, sometimes the subject and subordinator / clause markers are omitted 3 Reduced adverb clauses Because it was once considered a dangerous predator, the wolf has been hunted to near-extinction → Once considered a dangerous predator, the wolf has been hunted to near-extinction When she returned to her native city, Kate Chopin began to write the stories for which she is noted → Returning to her native city, Kate Chopin began to write the stories for which she is noted 3 Reduced adverb clauses After the space probes landed on Mars, they sent back pictures → After landing on Mars, the space probes sent back pictures Although the moon rocks were expensive to obtain, they provided valuable information → Although expensive to obtain, the moon rocks provided valuable information 3 Reduced adverb clauses When a substance undergoes a slow oxidation, the substance can burst into flame → When undergoing a slow oxidation, the substance can burst into flame Benjamin Franklin invented many things while he was working as a printer → Benjamin Franklin invented many things while working as a printer 3 Reduced adverb clauses Frank Sprague developed the elevator after he had improved the electric motor → Frank Sprague developed the elevator after improving the electric motor Since it was discovered, penicillin has been used to treat bacterial infections → Since discovered, penicillin has been used to treat bacterial infections 4 Verb tense of the adverb clauses In most adverb clauses, the verb has the same tense as the verb in the main clause Some exceptions The time refers to something that will happen, use a present tense As soon as I find my car keys, we’ll leave 4 Verb tense of the adverb clauses Some exceptions “in case” / “just in case” + clause refers to a possible future situation, use simple present tense The verb in the main clause is in the present tense or present perfect tense, use “can” “may” “will” or “shall” The verb in the main clause is in the past tense, use “could” “might” “would” or “should” I am bringing my umbrella (just) in case it rains I want to learn typing so that I can type my own essays Margo wrote the items on a list that we would remember everything 4 Verb tense of the adverb clauses Some exceptions Conditional type Conditional type If someone speaks to Lily, she turns red If you don’t believe me, you can ask Mike If you haven’t had this kind of cookie, we should get some for you to try He couldn’t sleep unless he got a lot of exercise 5 Notes Some prepositions have almost the same meaning as some of the clause markers but they can be used only with nouns, noun phrases, or pronouns They cannot be used with clauses Because of On account of In case of In spite of Despite During Notes In spite of the damage to the spacecraft, the astronauts got back to Earth safely In case of contamination, special suits were worn Many of the planets are cratered because of meteor bombardment Radio receivers were used during the Second World War 6 TOEFL strategy A part of the adverb clause may be missing Incorrect subordinator The art of yoga began in India more than 2,000 years ago, people discovered they could use a breathing exercise to develop focus A some B that C as if D when TOEFL strategy Incorrectly formed adverb phrase Becquerel’s work with radioactivity, Marie Curie began to study uranium A She followed B Followed C Following D It follows The end ... (although, when, while) Reduced adverb clauses Adverb clauses that begin with after, before, since, when, and while are frequently reduced to phrases When reducing adverb clauses that begin with... 3 Reduced adverb clauses An adverb clause can be changed to a reduced one if the subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause are the same A reduced adverb clause... discovered, penicillin has been used to treat bacterial infections 4 Verb tense of the adverb clauses In most adverb clauses, the verb has the same tense as the verb in the main clause Some exceptions