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Although bullrunning once took place in England it was made illegal in 1840, so since the phrase has only been in use from the beginning of the nineteenth century, it probably alludes not to this but to the Spanish sport of bullfighting. Early in the fight the bull is tormented and enraged by the banderilleros who pierce his neck muscles with darts. As a result, the bull’s head droops, making it easier for the matador to play him along with his cape, sometimes grasping his horns before finally killing him.
NONG LAM UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES WRITING SYSTEM OF LANGUAGE Instructor: Mr. Le Minh Ha Group 7 : 1. Do Thi My Duyen – 11128125 2. Le Thi Hong Diem - 11128010 3. Nguyen Thi Tuong Vi - 11159004 4. Nguyen Thi Minh Khoa - 11128046 5. Vu Thi Ky Duyen - 11128021 6. Nguyen Phi Yen Nhi- 11128076 7. Nguyen Thi Huong Lan- 11128051 OUTLINE: I. The advantages of writing and the differences between Writing and Speech. II. Types of Writing III. The brief history of Writing IV. Skewing between orthography and pronunciation V. Developing writing system in newly literate societies I/ The advantages of writing and the differences between Writing and Speech: Student’s name : DO THI MY DUYEN Student’s code : 11128125 A. THE ADVANTAGES OF WRITING o Written message is relatively permanent. o Written message can be kept and consulted at any future time. o Facts and ideas committed to writing can be preserved without being a burden on memory. o Written messages can be read by any number of people at different times and places. o The vast store of knowledge and culture is preserved in writing. B.THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WRITING AND SPEECH WRITING SPEECH o Writing is usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been printed/written out. o A written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular language and writing system is still understood. o Written language tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and many subordinate clauses. The punctuation and layout of written texts also have no spoken equivalent. However some forms of written language, such as instant messages and email, are closer to spoken language. o Writers receive no immediate o Speech is usually transient, unless recorded, and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as they go along. o Speech is usually used for immediate interactions. o Spoken language tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and interruptions, with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of speech, such as news reports and scripts for plays and films. o Speech is usually a dynamic feedback from their readers, except in computer-based communication. Therefore they cannot rely on context to clarify things so there is more need to explain things clearly and unambiguously than in speech, except in written correspondence between people who know one another well. o Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layout, colours and other graphical effects in their written texts. Such things are not available in speech. o Written material can be read repeatedly and closely analysed, and notes can be made on the writing surface. o Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing, as are some kinds of vocabulary, such as some complex chemical and legal terms. interaction between two or more people. Context and shared knowledge play a major role, so it is possible to leave much unsaid or indirectly implied. o Speech can use timing, tone, volume, and timbre to add emotional context. o Only recorded speech can be used in this way. o Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly in speech. These include slang expressions, and tags like y'know, like, etc. C. References : - Introduction to linguistics - http://www.omniglot.com/writing/writingvspeech .htm II/ TYPES OF WRITING: 1. There are three main types of writing system : a. Word writing (where every symbol or character represents a word or morpheme, as in Chinese), b. Syllable writing (where each symbol represents a syllable, as in Japanese) c. Alphabetic writing (where each symbol represents one phoneme, as in English). A. Word Writing: Student’s name : Le Thi Hong Diem Student’s code : 11128010 Word Writing: System of writing in which each character represents a word or morpheme of the language. ( Sometimes called ideographic or logographic writing.) . Advantages. o spelling permits speakers whose dialects have diverged to communicate through writing, as is best exemplifiedin China, where the ‘dealects’ are mutually unitelligible. o each symbol or character stands for a word, it has no phonetic value except by virtue of the fact that the word it stands for has a characteristic pronunciation. o read and understand the language as it was written centuries ago. It was written tortoise shells. o the spelling often reflects speakers’ morphological and phonological knowledge. Disadvantages: Read and write involves much more time and effort than with other kinds of writing systems. Can not figure out how to write a word, or what a character stands for, by mean of any fixed relationship between symbols and sound. The thousands of characters of a word-writing system present for purpose of writing . B. Syllabic (syllable-writing ) : Student’s name : Nguyen Thi Tuong Vi Student’s code : 11159004 Definition: each symbol represents a single syllabic or syllable type. For example: the word macaroni If English were written syllabically, the macaroni would be written with four symbols. One cadi for ma, ca, ro, ni. Each symbol in a syllable –writing system has a particular phonetic value, and it is used in any word that contains the phonetic sequence it stands for. Thus it is possible to figure out how a word is pronounced from the way it is written, and vice versa. Advantage: The sign of a syllabic system will be counted in the dozens, which makes such a system much less cumbersome than a word-writing system. Japanese is a well-known example of a language written syllabically. For example: ひひひひ /HIRAGANA / chữ hiragana ひひひ /Banana/ : quả chuối ひひひ /Ichigo/ : quả dâu tây ひひひひ /Papaya/ : quả đu đủ C. Alphabetic writing systems: Definition: Each symbol in an alphabetic system represents, not a whole syllable, but a single sound segment. For example: CAT The English word cat, contains three letters, one each for the sound segments [k], [æ ], and [t]. Advantage: Since only a relatively small number of sound types are systematically distinguished in a language, the number of symbols required in an alphabetic writing system is comparatively small. For example: We get along with twenty-six letters for English and French. We get along with thirty-three letters for Vietnamese. III/ The brief history of Writing In the writing system, writing of Egyptian and Greek is typical. Egyptian Student’s name : Nguyen Thi Minh Khoa Student’ code : 11128046 + Discover hieroglyphic characters of ancient Egypt: • One of the mysteries of the Egyptians left for mankind is the system of ancient hieroglyphics. Egyptians used hieroglyphics to write religious texts on papyrus and wood • The reason the word hieroglyphics called because of its primitive form as indicated by the shape of the object's material. So, look at the texts of ancient Egypt, we will see the pictures of people, animals such as birds, cattle, beasts, trees, moon and stars, mountains + History and development process: • Hieroglyphs emerged from the tradition of avant Egyptian text. Example, the first characters to be found in the ancient ruins dating back to about 3200 BC. • Beside, 1789, Napoleon during an expedition to the city of Rosetta, Egypt has discovered a stele inscribed above the ancient Egyptian and Greek inscriptions below. • And by 1822, Champollion, a French linguist who first deciphered the inscription text on this. • In the second millennium BC, this is the kind of writing Phoenicians learn and that is basis to create the first alphabet in the world. • Scholars believe that Egyptian hieroglyphs "begins exist a short time after the Sumerian character, and can [ever] was developed under the influence of this character Hieroglyphics carved by three types: phonetics (including the individual consonant letters can operate as a single letter); logogram ( expressing the position) and the definite (narrow definition of a logogram or symlable words) This is a formal writing system coordination between word – writing and part syllable – writing systems. For example,suppose word signs were aavailable for “ray” and “sing”, but not “racing”. The natural thing to do when the word “racing” was needed in a written messaga would be to represent it by combining the signs for “ray” and “sing”. + The phonetic component • Egyptian writing is often redundant: in fact, very often one can come in a variety of writing the same sound, to guide the reader. For example, from the NFR, "beautiful, good, perfect" (beautiful, good, perfect), with a sign written three letters to be read as NFR + Logogram • A hieroglyph can be used as a logogram determine what it is the subject of an image. The logogram so often used as the common noun, they are always accompanied by a mute vertical mark represents their status as a logogram ( vi du dau toc ki) + For abstract concepts, more complex, the ancient Egyptians used the grafting or borrow. • For example, referring to the word "soft" is drawing a cow standing water. Later, when the script has developed further, these figures represent syllables appear gradually. For example, from the eyes will be represented by the syllable "ar" + The hieroglyphs can be written from any direction: right to left, left to right, top to bottom, but is generally from left to right. Greek: Student’s name: Vu Thi Ky Duyen Student’s code : 11128021 The Greek alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Greek language since about the 9th century BC FORM: Right to left -> left to right. Alphabetic writing in various forms has spread throughout the world, although other kinds of writing systems are also in use. The Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet: It had vowel sounds and consonant sounds. It had sounds that could be used all around the world. Quicker, more informal style for routine types of writing. IV/ Skewing between orthography and pronunciation: Student’s name : Nguyen Phi Yen Nhi Student’s code : 11128076 The 3 main types of writing systems are idealized and oversimplified in various ways. For example : o Some of the characters of Chinese resemble syllabic signs rather than word signs: Two different words “wheat” and “come” have different meaning but they are both pronounced “lai” in Chinese. o Most Japanese writing is not purely syllabic but involves a mixture of syllabic signs and word signs (of Chinese origin). o English writing sometimes uses word signs: $ is a word sign for the same word can be written dollars using alphabetic symbols. Numerals, such as 3 and 7, are also word signs. Furthermore, writing systems are seldom as rational as the descriptions might lead one to expect. • English is often cited as a language whose orthography is plagued with irrationality and irregularity + One letter may stand for a sequence of sounds (x = [ks]) + A sequence of letters may stand for one sound (th for the initial sound in thing or thin) + A single letter or a sequence of letters can have many phonetic values (ough is very different in through, rough, cough, bought, hiccough, dough, and bough). + The same sound sequence can be represented in many different ways ( cite, site, sight). In no strict sense, then, does English orthography manifest a simple, regular pairing of one symbol with one sound type. On the other hand, it would be misleading to point out these irregularities of English orthography without at the same mentioning the regularities; we can only speak of irregularity in the context of a coherent, basically regular system. • English still have some regularity. For example: + A great many letters used in English orthography have constant phonetic value: the letters m, f, v, z, b, d, r and l almost always stand respectively for the sounds [m f v z b d l]. [...]... colonized by Chinese , they forced we must learn language and culture of them We based on Chinese logography to create new syllabic writing system That was Nom It wasn’t more different than Kanji Requirement of orthography: An orthography must be regular, so that native writer will be able to spell a word which they have never seen before in writing The orthography must also be easy to learn...* Most of the exceptions are cases of a letter not being pronounced, like the first m in mnemonic + Observe that even the deviations from the one sound/one symbol pairing tend to fall into standard patterns Consider thing, philosophy, and shell, for instance The initial sound of each of these words is represented by two letters (th = [ ], ph = [f],... complaint V/ Developing writing system in newly literate societies: Student’s name : Nguyen Thi Huong Lan Student’s code : 11128051 • The twentieth century, the world had increase communication among regions, countries, and continents • • Literacy had been introduced by a new religion: Buddhism, Christianity… And more specifically in Viet Nam, literacy was also introduced by the dominate of Chinese and French... three sound are very similar (linguists call them fricatives- compare them with [a] or [t]), and at the same time there orthography representations are similar, each consisting of two letters the second of which is h + The use of c is quite regular: c always represents [s] before the letters i, e, and y (medicine, city, cent, notice, cycle, and juicy) c represents [k] in elsewhere (car, coil, cut,... have never seen before in writing The orthography must also be easy to learn and to use Whoever can also acquire it The orthography must be well-adapted to the phonological and morphological structure of the language An extremely important factor is social acceptance . advantages of writing and the differences between Writing and Speech. II. Types of Writing III. The brief history of Writing IV. Skewing between orthography and pronunciation V. Developing writing system. to linguistics - http://www.omniglot.com /writing/ writingvspeech .htm II/ TYPES OF WRITING: 1. There are three main types of writing system : a. Word writing (where every symbol or character. Diem Student’s code : 11128010 Word Writing: System of writing in which each character represents a word or morpheme of the language. ( Sometimes called ideographic or logographic writing. ) . Advantages.