[...]... Analysis of Redundant Systems 427 Index .433 Preface After three editions, in 1993, Reliability, Maintainability in Perspective became Reliability, Maintainability and Risk The 6th edition, in 2001, included my PhD studies into common cause failure and into the correlation between predicted and achieved field reliability Once again it is time to update the material as a result of developments... to my good friend and colleague Derek Green (who is both a chartered engineer and a barrister) for a thorough overhaul of Chapters 19, 20 and 21 and for valuable updates including a section on Corporate Manslaughter I would also particularly like to thank the following friends and colleagues for their help and encouragement in respect of earlier editions: Ken Simpson and Bill Gulland for their work... Maximum tolerable risks of fatality have been established according to the nature of the risk and the potential number of fatalities These are then assessed using reliability techniques Chapter 10 deals with risk in more detail 1.3╇ Reliability and Risk Prediction System modeling, using failure mode analysis and fault tree analysis methods, has been developed over the last thirty years and now involves... .339 22.4.4╇� uropean Standard EN 50126: E railway applications – the specification and demonstration of dependability, reliability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) .339 22.4.5╇� K Defence Standard 00-56 (Issue 3.0): U safety management requirements for defence systems 340 22.4.6╇� TCA DO-178B/(EUROCAE ED-12B): software considerations in R airborne systems and equipment certification... programs Nineteenth- and early twentieth-century designs were less severely constrained by the cost and schedule pressures of today Thus, in many cases, high levels of reliability were achieved as a result of over-design The need for quantified reliability assessment techniques during the design and development phase was not therefore identified Reliability, Maintainability and Risk DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-096902-2.00001-5... 1974 resulted in 28 deaths and focused public and media attention on this area of technology Successive events such as the tragedy at Seveso in Italy in 1976 right through to the Piper Alpha offshore and more recent Paddington rail and Texaco Oil Refinery incidents have kept that interest alive and resulted in guidance and legislation, which are addressed in Chapters 19 and 20 The techniques for quantifying... 17.6.3╇ Programming Standards 280 17.6.4╇ Design Features 281 17.6.5╇ Code Inspections and Walkthroughs 282 17.6.6╇ Integration and Test 282 Part 5 Legal, Management and Safety Considerations 285 Chapter 18: Project Management and Competence 287 18.1╇ Setting Objectives and Making Specifications 287 18.2╇ Planning, Feasibility and Allocation ... safety area The techniques that are explained apply to both reliability and safety engineering and are also applied to optimizing maintenance strategies The collection of techniques concerned with reliability, availability, maintainability and safety are often referred to as RAMS A single defect can easily cost £100 in diagnosis and repair if it is detected early in production, whereas the same defect... 19.2.1╇ Reliability and Maintainability Program 302 19.2.2╇ Reliability and Maintainability Analysis 302 19.2.3╇ Storage 302 19.2.4╇ Design Standards .303 19.2.5╇ Safety-Related Equipment 303 19.3╇ Pitfalls 304 19.3.1╇ Definitions 304 19.3.2╇ Repair Time .304 19.3.3╇ Statistical Risks 304... (SR/24, Risk Assessment Techniques) xxi PAR T 1 Understanding Reliability Parameters and Costs 1 CHAPTE R 1 The History of Reliability and Safety Technology Safety/Reliability engineering did not develop as a unified discipline, but grew out of the integration of a number of activities, previously the province of various branches of engineering Since no human activity can enjoy zero risk, and no equipment . Systems 427 Index 433 xix After three editions, in 1993, Reliability, Maintainability in Perspective became Reliability, Maintainability and Risk. The 6th edition, in 2001, included my PhD studies. xxi PART 1 Understanding Reliability Parameters and Costs 1 Chapter 1: The History of Reliability and Safety Technology 3   3   5 1.3 Reliability and Risk Prediction. Support 299 19.1.4 Demonstration and Prediction 300 19.1.5 Liability 301   302 19.2.1 Reliability and Maintainability Program 302 19.2.2 Reliability and Maintainability Analysis 302 19.2.3