DISCRETE  EVENT SIMULATIONS DEVELOPMENT AND  APPLICATIONS EditedbyEldinWeeChuanLim DISCRETE EVENTSIMULATIONS– DEVELOPMENTAND APPLICATIONS  EditedbyEldinWeeChuanLim  Discrete Event Simulations – Development and Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2585 Edited by Eldin Wee Chuan Lim Contributors Giulia Pedrielli, Tullio Tolio, Walter Terkaj, Marco Sacco, Wennai Wang, Yi Yang, José Arnaldo Barra Montevechi, Rafael de Carvalho Miranda, Jonathan Daniel Friend, Thiago Barros Brito, Rodolfo Celestino dos Santos Silva, Edson Felipe Capovilla Trevisan, Rui Carlos Botter, Stephen Wee Hun Lim, Eldin Wee Chuan Lim, Igor Kotenko, Alexey Konovalov, Andrey Shorov and Weilin Li Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. 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Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published September, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Discrete Event Simulations – Development and Applications, Edited by Eldin Wee Chuan Lim p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0741-5 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Fundamental Development and Analyses of the Discrete Event Simulation Method 1 Chapter 1 Distributed Modeling of Discrete Event Systems 3 Giulia Pedrielli, Tullio Tolio, Walter Terkaj and Marco Sacco Chapter 2 The Speedup of Discrete Event Simulations by Utilizing CPU Caching 47 Wennai Wang and Yi Yang Chapter 3 Sensitivity Analysis in Discrete Event Simulation Using Design of Experiments 63 José Arnaldo Barra Montevechi, Rafael de Carvalho Miranda and Jonathan Daniel Friend Section 2 Novel Integration of Discrete Event Simulation with Other Modeling Techniques 103 Chapter 4 Discrete Event Simulation Combined with Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis as a Decision Support Methodology in Complex Logistics Systems 105 Thiago Barros Brito, Rodolfo Celestino dos Santos Silva, Edson Felipe Capovilla Trevisan and Rui Carlos Botter Section 3 Applications of Discrete Event Simulation Towards Various Systems 133 Chapter 5 Human Evacuation Modeling 135 Stephen Wee Hun Lim and Eldin Wee Chuan Lim Chapter 6 Discrete-Event Simulation of Botnet Protection Mechanisms 143 Igor Kotenko, Alexey Konovalov and Andrey Shorov VI Contents Chapter 7 Using Discrete Event Simulation for Evaluating Engineering Change Management Decisions 169 Weilin Li Preface With rapid advancements in computing power, computer modeling and simulations have become an important complement to experimentations in many areas of research as well as industrial applications. The Discrete Event Simulation (DES) method has received widespread attention and acceptance by both researchers and practitioners in recent years. The range of application of DES spans across many different disciplines and research fields. In research, further development and advancements of the basic DES algorithm continue to be sought while various hybrid methods derived by combining DES with other simulation techniques continue to be developed. This book presents state-of-the-art contributions on fundamental development of the DES method, novel integration of the method with other modeling techniques as well as applications towards simulating and analyzing the performances of various types of systems. This book will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students, researchers as well as professionals who are actively engaged in DES related work. There are nine chapters in this book that are organized into three sections. The first section comprises three chapters that report recent studies on fundamental development and analyses of the DES method. In Chapter 1, Pedrielli and co-authors introduce a distributed modeling approach that allows complex discrete event systems that would otherwise not be practicable to model using conventional simulation techniques to be modeled efficiently. Wang and Yang discuss in Chapter 2 various approaches for fast event scheduling for simulations of large-scale networks. They report the results of computational experiments that demonstrate the performance of a cache aware algorithm to be better than that of a conventional Calendar Queue. In Chapter 3, Montevechi and co-authors present the application of factorial design statistical techniques for identifying significant variables in discrete event simulation models with a view towards speeding up simulation optimization processes. The approach of integrating DES with various modeling techniques has also attracted the interests of several researchers throughout the world in recent years. In the second section of this book, two chapters on work conducted in this area are presented. Ortega discusses in Chapter 4 a simulation platform that combines DES with stochastic simulation and multi-agent systems for modeling holonic manufacturing systems. Brito describes in Chapter 5 a decision support system that was developed by combining DES with Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis. The application of such a X Preface hybrid decision support system towards analysis of a steel manufacturing plant is illustrated. The final section of this book is devoted to contributions reporting applications of DES towards various systems. Lim and Lim describe simulations of human evacuation processes using a discrete approach for modeling individual human subjects in Chapter 6. Kotenko and co-authors report the development of a DES based environment for analyses of botnets and evaluation of defense mechanisms against botnet attacks in Chapter 7. In Chapter 8, Li proposes a comprehensive DES model that is able to capture the various complexities associated with new product development projects as well as take into account engineering changes that arise stochastically during the course of such projects. In the final chapter of this book, Klug focuses on project management issues that are of relevance to simulation projects in general. This book represents the concerted efforts of many individuals. First and foremost, I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the efforts of all authors who have contributed to the success of this book project. I would also like to thank the support provided by Ms. Mirna Cvijic of InTech Open Access Publisher, without which the publication of this book would not have been possible. Last but certainly not least, and on behalf of all contributing authors, I wish to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude towards InTech Open Access Publisher for transforming this book project from inception to reality. Eldin Wee Chuan Lim Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore Singapore [...]... 22 Discrete Event Simulations – Development and Applications     BoundedBuffer containing the information about the availability of the bounded buffer in the receiving model TransferEntityEvent representing the entity transfer event scheduled in the sending model event list and contains the information about the entity to be transferred and the scheduled time for the event ExternalArrivalEvent... people operating simulated systems (e.g flight simulations) Constructive - simulated people operating simulated systems (e.g a discrete event simulation) Figure 1 HLA Reference Architecture Figure 2 RTIAmbassador and FederateAmbassador 8 Discrete Event Simulations – Development and Applications The HLA standard provides four main components for the realization and management of a federation:     HLA... users and the complexity of the standard In addition, as suggested in [49], although the approaches and general methods used in military and civilian simulation communities have similarities, the 10 Discrete Event Simulations – Development and Applications terminology turns out to be completely different [36] For instance, terms like live simulation and virtual emulator are rarely used in civilian applications. .. between discrete event simulation and timebased simulation is twofold Firstly, the process being modeled is understood to advance through events under discrete event conditions Second, an event (i.e an activity of the process as determined by the model developer) carries with it the potential for affecting the state of the model and is not necessarily related to the 4 Discrete Event Simulations – Development. .. T1 and arrive at Q2 at T2  If the bounded queue Q2 is full, the entity e cannot leave activity A at T1; activity A may then block if appropriate and must not accept any more entities  When the bounded queue Q2 becomes not full at T3, entity e must leave A at T3 and arrive at Q2 at T4, activity A becomes unblocked and may receive new entities at T3 16 Discrete Event Simulations – Development and Applications. .. simulation in civilian applications Distributed Modeling of Discrete Event Systems 7 2.1 HLA-standard: An overview HLA (IEEE standard 1516) is a software architecture designed to promote the use and interoperation of simulators HLA was based on the premise that no single simulator could satisfy all uses and applications in the defense industry and it aimed at reducing the time and cost required to create... the middleware sends to the receiving model a simulation message containing the ExternalArrivalEvent The receiving model simulates the external arrival as soon as the simulation time advances to t’ and all local events for that time have been simulated (since 24 Discrete Event Simulations – Development and Applications the buffer Q2a is not full according to the example settings) A message is sent to... expected Thus both the cause and the effect refer to the observed state of the process in time-based simulation In discrete event simulation, both cause and effects refer to events However, upon execution due to an event, a model may not generate an output event thus appearing to imply that a cause will not necessary be accompanied by corresponding observed facts Discrete Event Simulation (DES) has been... federate consists of a COTS simulation package (CSP), a model that is executed by the CSP, and the middleware that is a sort of adaptor interfacing the CSP with the Run Time 18 Discrete Event Simulations – Development and Applications Infrastructure (RTI) (Figure 8) The relationship between CSP, the middleware and the RTI consists of two communication flows: (1) middleware-RTI, (2) CSP-middleware The... source federate (FedSource) and entry point (En) of the receiving federate (FedDest) This class is instantiated both when a sending model needs to transfer a part to a specific entry point in the receiving model, and when a receiving model needs to share information about a buffer state or about the receipt of a part from 20 Discrete Event Simulations – Development and Applications a specific exit . DISCRETE  EVENT SIMULATIONS DEVELOPMENT AND  APPLICATIONS EditedbyEldinWeeChuanLim DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATIONS – DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS  EditedbyEldinWeeChuanLim . RTIAmbassador and FederateAmbassador Discrete Event Simulations – Development and Applications 8 The HLA standard provides four main components for the realization and management of a federation:. the potential for affecting the state of the model and is not necessarily related to the Discrete Event Simulations – Development and Applications 4 progress of time. In this case, the