The Project Gutenberg of Business, by Various pdf

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The Project Gutenberg of Business, by Various pdf

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[...]... of production and partly upon the relation of supply and demand Prices are affected by the creation of monopolies, by the opening of new markets, by the obstructing of the ordinary channels of commercial intercourse, and by the anticipation of these and other causes It is the business of the merchant to acquaint himself with every circumstance affecting the prices of the ... in advance of the time of delivery It is quite a common thing for the retailer to order from samples merchandise which at the time of placing the order may not even be manufactured By the price of a commodity is meant its value estimated in money, or the amount of money for which it will exchange The exchangeable value of commodities depends at any given period partly upon the expense of production... Contracts V The Essentials of a Contract VI Contracts by Correspondence VII What Contracts Must Be in Writing VIII Contracts for the Sale of Merchandise IX The Warranties of Merchandise X Common Carriers XI The Carrying of Passengers XII On the Keeping of Things XIII Concerning Agents XIV The Law Relating to Bank Cheques XV The Law Relating to Leases XVI Liability of Employers to Employés XVII Liability of. .. includes the weight of the case or wrappings The larger sum in an account or bill—that is, the sum of money before any allowance or deductions are made— is the gross amount of the bill The word net is derived from a Latin word meaning neat, clean, unadulterated, and indicates the amount of goods or money after all the deductions have been made To say that a price is net is to indicate that no further discount... Bill of Exchange (Banker's) First Page of a Letter of Credit Second Page of a Letter of Credit A Certificate of Stock in a National Bank A Certificate of Stock in a Manufacturing Company A Protest A Private Bond A Shipping Receipt ("Original") A Steamship Bill of Lading A Local Waybill II BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY London the Natural Centre of the World's Trade British Mercantile Marine London Bridge The Coal-fields... Coal-fields of England The Manchester Ship Canal The Great Manufacturing Districts of England France Compared in Size with the States of Illinois Street Scene in Paris, Showing the Bourse Approximate Size of the German Empire North Central Germany, Showing the Ship Canal an Commercial Centres Spain Compared in Size with California Italy and its Chief Commercial Centres Russia, the British Empire, and the United... PREPARING COPY FOR THE PRESS AND PROOF-READING A Printer's Proof A Printer's Corrected Proof GENERAL BUSINESS INFORMATION I COMMERCIAL TERMS AND USAGES and HERE is a distinction between the usage of the n a me s commerce and business The interchange of products manufactured articles between countries, or even between different sections of the same country, is usually referred to as commerce The term business... discount will be made The word firm relates to solidity, establishment, strength, and in a business sense signifies two or more persons united in partnership for the purpose of trading The word house is very frequently used in the same sense In mercantile usage house does not mean the building in which the business is conducted, but the men who own the business, including, perhaps, the building, stock,... reputation The name concern is often used in a very similar way The name market expresses a locality for the sale of goods, and in commerce is often used to denote cities or even countries We say that Boston is a leather market, meaning that a large number of Boston merchants buy and sell leather In the same sense we call Chicago a grain market, or New Orleans a cotton market In its more restricted sense the. .. sells to other dealers, while the retail dealer sells to the consumer—that is, the person who consumes, or uses, the goods A jobber is one who buys from importers and manufacturers and sells to retailers He is constantly in the market for bargains The names jobber and wholesaler are often used in the same sense, but a jobber sometimes sells to wholesalers Wholesale has reference to the quantity the dealer .

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  • UP-TO-DATE BUSINESS

    • HOME STUDY CIRCLE LIBRARY

      • EDITED BY

    • SEYMOUR EATON

  • UP TO DATE BUSINESS

    • INCLUDING

      • LESSONS IN BANKING, EXCHANGE, BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY, FINANCE, TRANSPORTATION AND COMMERCIAL LAW

        • FROM THE CHICAGO RECORD

      • NEW YORK THE DOUBLEDAY & McCLURE CO. 1900

    • CONTENTS

      • I

      • GENERAL BUSINESS INFORMATION

      • II

      • BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY

        • Trade Features

      • III

      • FINANCE, TRADE, AND TRANSPORTATION

      • IV

      • COMMERCIAL LAW

      • V

      • PREPARING COPY FOR THE PRESS AND PROOF-READING

    • ILLUSTRATIONS

      • I

      • GENERAL BUSINESS INFORMATION

      • II

      • BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY

      • III

      • FINANCE, TRADE, AND TRANSPORTATION

      • V

      • PREPARING COPY FOR THE PRESS AND PROOF-READING

    • GENERAL BUSINESS INFORMATION

      • I. COMMERCIAL TERMS AND USAGES

      • II. COMMERCIAL TERMS AND USAGES (Continued)

      • III. BANK CHEQUES

      • IV. BANK CHEQUES (Continued)

        • INDORSING CHEQUES

      • V. BANK CHEQUES (Continued)

        • THE USEFULNESS OF BANKS

      • VI. BANK DRAFTS

      • VII. PROMISSORY NOTES

      • VIII. THE CLEARING-HOUSE SYSTEM

      • IX. COMMERCIAL DRAFTS

      • X. FOREIGN EXCHANGE

      • XI. LETTERS OF CREDIT

      • XII. JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES

      • XIII. PROTESTED PAPER

      • XIV. PAPER OFFERED FOR DISCOUNT

      • XV. CORPORATIONS

      • XVI. BONDS

      • XVII. TRANSPORTATION

      • XVIII. TRANSPORTATION PAPERS

    • EXAMINATION PAPER

      • NOTE TO THE FOREGOING EXAMINATION PAPER

    • BUSINESS GEOGRAPHY

      • THE TRADE FEATURES OF THE GREAT COMMERCIAL NATIONS

      • I. THE TRADE FEATURES OF THE BRITISH ISLES

        • LONDON AS A FOOD CONSUMER

        • LONDON THE COMMERCIAL CENTRE OF THE WORLD

        • LONDON THE CENTRE OF THE LAND SURFACE OF THE GLOBE

      • GREAT BRITAIN'S COMMERCIAL POLICY

        • LONDON THE CLEARING-HOUSE OF THE WORLD

        • GREAT BRITAIN THE CREDITOR NATION OF THE WORLD

        • GREAT BRITAIN A BEEHIVE OF MERCANTILE AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

        • GREAT BRITAIN'S COAL-FIELDS AND IRON DEPOSITS

        • LONDON'S SPECIAL TRADE FEATURES

        • THE SPECIAL TRADE FEATURES OF GLASGOW, LIVERPOOL, AND MANCHESTER

        • THE BUSINESS ENTERPRISE OF GLASGOW, LIVERPOOL, AND MANCHESTER

        • GREAT BRITAIN'S SPECIALISATION OF HER INDUSTRIES IN DEFINITE CENTRES

        • THE NATURAL APTITUDES OF COMMUNITIES IN GREAT BRITAIN FOR SPECIAL INDUSTRIES

        • THE COTTON MANUFACTURES OF GREAT BRITAIN

        • THE WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES OF GREAT BRITAIN

        • THE LINEN MANUFACTURES OF GREAT BRITAIN

        • OTHER TEXTILE MANUFACTURES OF GREAT BRITAIN

        • THE HARDWARE MANUFACTURES OF GREAT BRITAIN

      • II. THE TRADE FEATURES OF FRANCE

        • FRANCE A RICHLY FAVOURED COUNTRY

        • THE FRENCH A THRIFTY, FRUGAL PEOPLE

        • THE IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE IN FRANCE

        • FRANCE'S WATERWAYS AND RAILWAYS

        • THE DISTINCTIVE AND IMPORTANT MANUFACTURES OF FRANCE

        • PARIS AND THE GREAT SEAPORTS OF FRANCE

      • III. THE TRADE FEATURES OF GERMANY

        • GERMANY THE MOST PROSPEROUS NATION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE

        • THE CHARACTER OF GERMANY'S INDUSTRIES CHANGING

        • GERMANY'S SUCCESS IN TECHNICAL EDUCATION

        • GERMANY'S MINES AND HARDWARE MANUFACTURES

        • GERMANY'S INTERNAL TRADE

        • GERMANY'S FOREIGN TRADE

        • FOOTNOTE:

        • THE SPECIAL TRADE CENTRES OF GERMANY

      • IV. TRADE FEATURES OF SPAIN AND ITALY

        • ITALY, TURKEY, AND SPAIN, THE THREE DECADENT NATIONS OF EUROPE

        • SPAIN: ITS TRADE AND ITS SPECIAL TRADE CENTRES

        • ITALY'S LAMENTABLE CONDITION

        • ITALY'S TRADE AND SPECIAL TRADE CENTRES

      • V. THE TRADE FEATURES OF RUSSIA

        • RUSSIA, A COUNTRY WHOSE FUTURE IS A PROBLEM

        • RUSSIA A COUNTRY OF SOCIAL EXTREMES

        • THE "ARTELS" OF THE RUSSIAN PEASANTS

        • RUSSIA PRINCIPALLY AN AGRICULTURAL COUNTRY

        • RUSSIA'S MINERAL WEALTH

        • RUSSIA'S TRADE AND MANUFACTURES

        • RUSSIA'S RAILWAYS AND NAVIGABLE RIVERS

        • RUSSIA'S CITIES AND TOWNS

      • VI. THE TRADE FEATURES OF INDIA

        • INDIA'S PAST AND PRESENT COMPARED

        • INDIA'S SIZE AND POPULATION

        • INDIA'S GREAT FERTILITY

        • INDIA'S IRRIGATION CANALS AND RIVER EMBANKMENTS

        • INDIA'S MINERAL RESOURCES

        • INDIA'S WONDERFUL AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES

        • INDIA'S GROWING MANUFACTURES

        • INDIA'S EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL TRADE

        • FOOTNOTE:

        • INDIA'S CITIES AND TOWNS

      • VII. THE TRADE FEATURES OF CHINA

        • THE VASTNESS OF CHINA'S AREA AND POPULATION

        • CHINA A COUNTRY OF GREAT TRADE POSSIBILITIES

        • CHINA'S FOREIGN TRADE

        • CHINA'S EXPORTS, IMPORTS, AND RESOURCES

        • POSSIBILITIES OF INCREASED FOREIGN TRADE WITH CHINA

        • THE PRINCIPAL TRADING CITIES OF CHINA

        • HONGKONG

      • VIII. THE TRADE FEATURES OF JAPAN

        • JAPAN THE GREAT BRITAIN OF ASIA

        • JAPAN'S WONDERFUL TRANSFORMATION

        • JAPAN'S AGRICULTURE

        • JAPAN'S MANUFACTURES: THEIR FUTURE POSSIBILITIES

        • POSSIBILITIES OF INCREASED FOREIGN TRADE WITH JAPAN

        • JAPAN'S MODERN TRADE FACILITIES

        • JAPAN'S FOREIGN TRADE

        • JAPAN'S SPECIAL TRADE CENTRES

      • IX. THE TRADE FEATURES OF AFRICA

        • AFRICA FIFTEEN YEARS AGO

        • EUROPEAN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN AFRICA

        • THE GREAT PARTITION OF AFRICA

        • GREAT BRITAIN IN AFRICA

        • THE "DOMINION OF SOUTH AFRICA"

        • SOUTH AFRICA'S AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES

        • SOUTH AFRICA'S GREAT MINERAL WEALTH

        • SOUTH AFRICA'S FOREIGN TRADE

        • SHIPPING PORTS AND RAILWAYS OF SOUTH AFRICA

      • X. THE TRADE FEATURES OF AUSTRALIA

        • AUSTRALIA AND AUSTRALASIA

        • FOOTNOTE:

        • THE AREA AND CLIMATE OF AUSTRALIA

        • AUSTRALIA A CONTINENT OF PECULIARITIES

        • VICTORIA

        • MELBOURNE

        • NEW SOUTH WALES

        • SOUTH AUSTRALIA

        • QUEENSLAND

        • WEST AUSTRALIA

        • THE IMMENSE RESOURCES OF AUSTRALIA. ITS PROBABLE FUTURE

      • XI. THE TRADE FEATURES OF SOUTH AMERICA

        • SOUTH AMERICA, A FERTILE CONTINENT WITH DRAWBACKS

        • EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION IN SOUTH AMERICA

        • THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC

        • ARGENTINA'S RAPID PROGRESS

        • ARGENTINA'S AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES

        • BUENOS AYRES

        • BRAZIL

        • RIO JANEIRO

      • XII. THE TRADE FEATURES OF CANADA

        • CANADA, PRACTICALLY AN INDEPENDENT FEDERAL REPUBLIC

        • SIZE, SOIL, CLIMATE, AND POPULATION OF CANADA

        • CANADA'S FOREST WEALTH

        • CANADA'S MINERAL RESOURCES

        • CANADA'S FISHERIES

        • CANADA'S AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE

        • CANADA'S TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES

        • CANADIAN CITIES

      • XIII. THE TRADE FEATURES OF THE UNITED STATES

        • THE CHARACTER OF OUR EXPORT TRADE

        • OUR EXPORT TRADE IN DETAIL

        • FOOTNOTE:

        • OUR EXPORTS AND THOSE OF GREAT BRITAIN COMPARED

        • OUR IMPORTS AND THOSE OF GREAT BRITAIN COMPARED

        • OUR COTTON PRODUCTION AND COTTON EXPORT

        • OUR PRODUCTION AND EXPORT OF BREADSTUFFS

        • FOOTNOTES:

        • OUR EXPORT OF PROVISIONS AND ANIMALS

        • FOOTNOTE:

        • OUR FOREIGN CARRYING TRADE

      • EXAMINATION PAPERS

        • PART I

        • PART II

    • FINANCE, TRADE, AND TRANSPORTATION[8]

      • I. NATIONAL AND STATE BANKS

        • ORIGIN OF BANKING INSTITUTIONS

        • FOOTNOTE:

        • OUR NATIONAL BANKING SYSTEM

        • STATE BANKS

      • II. SAVINGS BANKS AND TRUST COMPANIES

        • SAVINGS BANKS

        • TRUST COMPANIES

      • III. CORPORATIONS AND STOCK COMPANIES[9]

        • CORPORATIONS

        • POWER TO BE A CORPORATION IS A FRANCHISE

        • FOOTNOTE:

        • A CORPORATION MUST HAVE A NAME

        • CORPORATE INTERESTS

        • ADVANTAGES OF CORPORATIONS AND JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES OVER PARTNERSHIPS

      • IV. BORROWING AND LOANING MONEY[10]

        • THE MONEY MARKET

        • FOOTNOTE:

        • BORROWING FROM BANKS

        • WHAT ARE COLLATERALS?

        • ACCOMMODATION PAPER

        • NOTE BROKERS

        • BANKERS' RATES FOR LOANS

      • V. COLLATERALS AND SECURITIES

        • TWO DISTINCT CLASSES OF SECURITIES

        • MORTGAGES AS SECURITIES

        • STOCKS AS SECURITIES

        • SUBSTITUTION SECURITIES

        • LOANS AND INVESTMENTS

      • VI. CHEQUES, DRAFTS, AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE[11]

        • BANK CHEQUES

        • FOOTNOTE:

        • IDENTIFICATION WHEN CHEQUES ARE PAID

        • CHEQUES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES

        • CHEQUE INDORSEMENTS

        • THE NUMBERING OF CHEQUES

        • CERTIFIED CHEQUES

        • BANK DRAFTS

        • BILLS OF EXCHANGE

      • VII. THE CLEARING-HOUSE SYSTEM[12]

        • THE CLEARING-HOUSE SYSTEM A MODERN INSTITUTION

        • TRANSFER OF CREDITS IN CLEARING-HOUSES

        • FOOTNOTE:

        • ORGANISATION OF CLEARING-HOUSES

        • PAYMENT OF BALANCES IN CLEARING-HOUSES

        • HOW DISTANT BANKS ARE CONNECTED BY THE CLEARING-HOUSE SYSTEM

      • VIII. COMMERCIAL CREDITS AND MERCANTILE AGENCIES

        • HOW THE WORLD'S TRADE IS LARGELY TRANSACTED UPON CREDIT

        • THE IMPORTANCE OF A HIGH STANDARD OF CREDIT TO BUSINESS MEN

        • MERCANTILE AGENCIES

      • IX. BONDS

        • UNITED STATES, STATE, AND MUNICIPAL BONDS

        • BONDS AND CERTIFICATES OF STOCK

        • CLASSES OF CORPORATION BONDS

        • SINKING FUNDS

        • INTEREST COUPONS

      • X. TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL

        • THE GROWTH OF OUR RAILROAD SYSTEM

        • THE RAILWAY CORPORATION

        • THE FREIGHT SERVICE OF RAILROADS

        • AMERICAN PASSENGER TRAFFIC ON RAILROADS RELATIVELY UNDEVELOPED

        • RELATION OF TRANSPORTATION ON RAILROADS TO ECONOMIC ORGANISATION

      • XI. FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL

        • THE ORIGIN OF RAILROAD TRAFFIC ASSOCIATIONS

        • THE WORK OF ALBERT FINK

        • RAILROAD POOLING

        • TRAFFIC ASSOCIATIONS INCLUDING POOLING SHOULD BE LEGALISED

        • CLASSIFICATION OF RAILROAD FREIGHT

        • THE CONDUCT OF THE FREIGHT BUSINESS OF RAILROADS—TRANSPORTATION PAPERS

      • XII. RAILROAD RATES

        • GENERAL FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE RAILROAD RATES AND FARES

        • VALUE OF SERVICE AND VALUE OF COMMODITIES

        • A PARTIAL THEORY OF RAILROAD FREIGHT RATES

        • THE EFFECT OF COMPETITION ON RAILROAD RATES AND FARES

        • GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION OF RAILROAD TRANSPORTATION

        • THE INTERSTATE COMMERCE LAW

      • XIII. STOCK AND PRODUCE EXCHANGES

        • THE STOCK EXCHANGE

        • TECHNICAL TERMS OF STOCK EXCHANGES

        • FUTURE DELIVERY

      • XIV. STORAGE AND WAREHOUSING

        • BONDED WAREHOUSES

        • WAREHOUSE REGULATIONS

        • FREE WAREHOUSES

        • BANKING FEATURES OF WAREHOUSING

        • COLD STORAGE

        • TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS FOR COLD STORAGE

        • COLD-STORAGE CENTRES

        • COLD-STORAGE CHARGES

        • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW

      • EXAMINATION PAPER

    • COMMERCIAL LAW

      • I. THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF CONTRACTS

      • II. THE PARTIES TO A CONTRACT

      • III. THE PARTIES TO A CONTRACT (Continued)

      • IV. THE CONSIDERATION IN CONTRACTS

      • V. THE ESSENTIALS OF A CONTRACT

      • VI. CONTRACTS BY CORRESPONDENCE

      • VII. WHAT CONTRACTS MUST BE IN WRITING

      • VIII. CONTRACTS FOR THE SALE OF MERCHANDISE

      • IX. THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANDISE

      • X. COMMON CARRIERS

      • XI. THE CARRYING OF PASSENGERS

      • XII. ON THE KEEPING OF THINGS

      • XIII. CONCERNING AGENTS

      • XIV. THE LAW RELATING TO BANK CHEQUES

      • XV. THE LAW RELATING TO LEASES

      • XVI. LIABILITY OF EMPLOYER TO EMPLOYÉS

      • XVII. LIABILITY OF EMPLOYERS TO EMPLOYÉS (Continued)

      • EXAMINATION PAPER

    • PREPARING COPY FOR THE PRESS AND PROOF-READING

      • I. PREPARING COPY

      • II. ON THE NAMES AND SIZES OF TYPE

      • III. THE TERMS USED IN PRINTING

      • IV. MARKS USED IN PROOF-READING

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