BIOTECHNOLOGY - MOLECULAR STUDIES AND NOVEL APPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVED QUALITY OF HUMAN LIFE Edited by Reda Helmy Sammour Biotechnology - Molecular Studies and Novel Applications for Improved Quality of Human Life Edited by Reda Helmy Sammour Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Zec Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Biotechnology - Molecular Studies and Novel Applications for Improved Quality of Human Life, Edited by Reda Helmy Sammour p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0151-2 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Molecular Studies 1 Chapter 1 The Effect of CLA on Obesity of Rats: Meta-Analysis 3 Sejeong Kook and Kiheon Choi Chapter 2 Ammonia Accumulation of Novel Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria 13 Kenichi Iwata, San San Yu, Nik Noor Azlin binti Azlan and Toshio Omori Chapter 3 Bioactive Compounds from Bacteria Associated to Marine Algae 25 Irma Esthela Soria-Mercado, Luis Jesús Villarreal-Gómez, Graciela Guerra Rivas and Nahara E. Ayala Sánchez Chapter 4 The Welfare of Transgenic Farm Animals 45 Michael Greger Chapter 5 Establishment of Functional Biotechnology Laboratories in Developing Countries 65 Marian D. Quain, James Y. Asibuo, Ruth N. Prempeh and Elizabeth Y. Parkes Chapter 6 The Bumpy Path Towards Knowledge Convergence for Pro-Poor Agro-Biotechnology Regulation and Development: Exploring Kenya’s Regulatory Process 79 Ann Njoki Kingiri Part 2 Novel Applications 97 Chapter 7 Therapeutic Applications of Electroporation 99 Sadhana Talele VI Contents Chapter 8 Synthetic PEG Hydrogels as Extracellular Matrix Mimics for Tissue Engineering Applications 111 Georgia Papavasiliou, Sonja Sokic and Michael Turturro Chapter 9 Surface Aspects of Titanium Dental Implants 135 Kinga Turzo Chapter 10 Antihypertensive Peptides Specific to Lactobacillus helveticus Fermented Milk 159 Taketo Wakai and Naoyuki Yamamoto Chapter 11 Environmental Friendly Sanitation to Improve Quality and Microbial Safety of Fresh-Cut Vegetables 173 Ji Gang Kim Chapter 12 In Vitro Selection of Salt Tolerant Calli Lines and Regeneration of Salt Tolerant Plantlets in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) 197 Srinath Rao and Prabhavathi Patil Chapter 13 Molecular Structure of Natural Rubber and Its Characteristics Based on Recent Evidence 213 Jitladda T. Sakdapipanich and Porntip Rojruthai Preface Biotechnology is an area of applied biology that encompasses the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in agriculture, pharmacy, medicine, technology and other fields requiring bio-products. It draws on the pure biological sciences and in many instances is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the sphere of biology. This book presents the importance of applications of molecular biotechnology in every aspect of our lives. It also introduces a few applications of biotechnology that will improve the quality of human life. The contributions are organized in two sections based on molecular studies and novel applications technology. Each of these sections covers a wide range of topics and the authors are from countries all over the world. This underlines the global significance of biotechnology research. I have no doubt that the book will provoke interest to many readers and researchers, who can find the information useful for the advancement of their fields. The first section of the book includes six chapters. The first chapter 'The Effect of CLA on Obesity of Rats: Meta-Analysis‘ summarizes the studies about the effect of CLA on factors related to the anti-obesity in experimental rats by meta-analysis. The second chapter ”Ammonia Accumulation of Novel Nitrogen-Fixing BacteriaAmmonia accumulation by novel, wild-type, nitrogen-fixing bacteria” reviews a research focus on nitrogen-fixing bacteria and, in particular, their genetic modification to excrete excess ammonia, for agricultural purposes. The third chapter “Bioactive Compounds from Bacteria Associated to Marine Algae”, discusses the identification, use and preservation of the organisms which that produce bioactive secondary metabolites, including new drugs, especially those obtained from bacteria associated to marine algae. The fourth Chapter “The Welfare of Transgenic Farm Animals” discusses the the drawbacks of using genetically modified animals for rapid muscling and the consequence of such use related to suffering of these animals from chronic pain and skeletal disorders that impair their ability to even walk. The fifth chapter “Establishment of Functional Biotechnology Laboratories in Developing Countries” focuses on how functional laboratories have been established in Ghana. The sixth chapter “The Bumpy Path Towards Knowledge Cconvergence for Ppro-Ppoor Aagro- Bbiotechnology Rregulation and Ddevelopment: Eexploring Kenya’s Rregulatory Pprocess” illuminates the dynamics associated with biotechnology regulation, using Kenya as an example. X Preface The second section contains seven chapters. The first chapter “Therapeutic Applications of Electroporation” reviews the process of electroporation in terms of its technical aspects. The second chapter “Synthetic PEG Hydrogels as Extracellular Matrix Mimics for Tissue Engineering Applications” addresses common approaches and polymerization techniques used to fabricate PEG scaffolds with 3D spatial and temporal and/or spatial variations in physical, mechanical, and bio-functional cues of the native ECM. The third chapter “Surface Aspects of Titanium Dental Implants” presents a brief description of a new emerging field of science, the biological surface science, and stresses its importance in the field of alloplastic materials and dental implants. The fourth chapter “Antihypertensive Peptides Specific to Lactobacillus Helveticus Fermented Milk” mainly reviews processing of antihypertensive peptides, Val-Pro-Pro (VPP) and Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP), by proteolytic enzymes of L. helveticus. The fifth chapter “Environmental Friendly Sanitation to Improve Quality and Microbial Safety of Fresh-Cut Vegetables” discusses in detail the efforts of scholars to control the microorganism that cause rapid deterioration of fresh-cut products, caused by microbial growth as well as physiological disorder. The sixth chapter “In Vitro Selection of Salt Tolerant Calli Lines and Regeneration of Salt Tolerant Plantlets in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) reports the selection of NaCl tolerant callus lines in Vigna radiates (L.) Wilczek. The seventh chapter titled “Molecular Structure of Natural Rubber and Its Characteristics Based on Recent Evidence” discusses the effect of linked and blended fatty acids in natural rubber; molecular structure of both chain- ends of natural rubber; color substances and obnoxious odor in natural rubber; and structure, physical properties and application of skim rubber. The editor is grateful to Ms Ivana Zec and Mr Igor Babic, Publishing Process Managers, for their wholehearted cooperation in the publication of this book. Reda Helmy Sammour Tanta University, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Egypt . BIOTECHNOLOGY - MOLECULAR STUDIES AND NOVEL APPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVED QUALITY OF HUMAN LIFE Edited by Reda Helmy Sammour Biotechnology - Molecular Studies and Novel Applications. homogeneity and 1 Corresponding Author, Professor, Department of Statistics Biotechnology - Molecular Studies and Novel Applications for Improved Quality of Human Life 4 uniformly distributed,. importance of applications of molecular biotechnology in every aspect of our lives. It also introduces a few applications of biotechnology that will improve the quality of human life. The contributions