SALMONELLA – DISTRIBUTION, ADAPTATION, CONTROL MEASURES AND MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Bassam A. Annous and Joshua B. Gurtler Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies Edited by Bassam A. Annous and Joshua B. Gurtler Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Adriana Pecar Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published July, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies, Edited by Bassam A. Annous and Joshua B. Gurtler p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0661-6 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Elucidating the Epidemiology of Human Salmonellosis: The Value of Systematic Laboratory Characterisation of Isolates 1 P. McKeown, P. Garvey and M. Cormican Chapter 2 Salmonellae in the Environment 19 Hussein H. Abulreesh Chapter 3 Prevalence, Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Salmonella in Sudan 51 Adil A. El Hussein, Halima S. Mohy-Eldin, Mayha M. Nor Elmadiena and Marmar A. El Siddig Chapter 4 Salmonella Associated with Snakes (Suborder Serpentes) 81 Henrique Marçal Bastos Chapter 5 Salmonella Control Measures at Farm in Swine Production 99 Héctor Argüello, Pedro Rubio and Ana Carvajal Chapter 6 Adaptation of Salmonella to Antimicrobials in Food-Processing Environments 123 Florence Dubois-Brissonnet Chapter 7 Influence of Trisodium Phosphate on the Survival of Salmonella on Turkey Carcasses 147 Anita Mikołajczyk Chapter 8 Bacteriophage PPST1 Isolated from Hospital Wastewater, A Potential Therapeutic Agent Against Drug Resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi 159 Pongsak Rattanachaikunsopon and Parichat Phumkhachorn VI Contents Chapter 9 The Seasonal Fluctuation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Some Macroalgae Collected from Alexandria Coast, Egypt 173 Mohamed E.H. Osman, Atef M. Abu-Shady and Mostafa E. Elshobary Chapter 10 The Role of Proteomics in Elucidating Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella and in Novel Antibacterial Discovery 187 Rui Pacheco, Susana Correia, Patrícia Poeta, Luís Pinto and Gilberto Igrejas Chapter 11 Use of Integrated Studies to Elucidate Potential Benefits from Genetic Resistance to Salmonella Carrier State in Fowl 221 Beaumont Catherine, Thanh-Son Tran, Zongo Pascal, Viet Anne-France and Magal Pierre Chapter 12 16S rRNA Methyltransferases: An Emerging Resistance Mechanism Against Aminoglycosides in Salmonella 239 Katie L. Hopkins and Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn Chapter 13 The Phosphoinositides: Key Regulators of Salmonella Containing Vacuole (SCV) Trafficking and Identity 251 M.C. Kerr, N.A. Castro, S. Karunaratne and R.D. Teasdale Chapter 14 Searching for Outer Membrane Proteins Typical of Serum-Sensitive and Serum-Resistant Phenotypes of Salmonella 265 Bozena Futoma-Koloch, Gabriela Bugla-Ploskonska and Jolanta Sarowska Chapter 15 Virulence Characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium I,4,[5],12:i:-, the New Pandemic Strain 291 Madalena Vieira-Pinto, Patrícia Themudo, Lucas Dominguez, José Francisco Fernandez-Garayzabal, Ana Isabel Vela, Fernando Bernardo, Cristina Lobo Vilela and Manuela Oliveira Chapter 16 Salmonella: Invasion, Evasion & Persistence 313 Belal Chami and Shisan Bao Chapter 17 The Different Strategies Used by Salmonella to Invade Host Cells 339 Rosselin Manon, Abed Nadia, Namdari Fatémeh, Virlogeux-Payant Isabelle, Velge Philippe and Wiedemann Agnès Contents VII Chapter 18 A Tale of 6 Sigmas: How Changing Partners Allows Salmonella to Thrive in the Best of Times and Survive the Worst of Times 365 R. Margaret Wallen and Michael H. Perlin Chapter 19 Assembly and Activation of the MotA/B Proton Channel Complex of the Proton-Driven Flagellar Motor of Salmonella enterica 391 Yusuke V. Morimoto and Tohru Minamino Chapter 20 Molecular Armory of S. Typhi: Deciphering the Putative Arsenal of Our Enemy 405 Chantal G. Forest and France Daigle Chapter 21 Molecular Diagnosis of Enteric Fever: Progress and Perspectives 429 Liqing Zhou, Thomas Darton, Claire Waddington and Andrew J. Pollard Chapter 22 Comprehending a Molecular Conundrum: Functional Studies of Ribosomal Protein Mutants from Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium 453 Christina Tobin Kåhrström, Dan I. Andersson and Suparna Sanyal Chapter 23 Molecular Technologies for Salmonella Detection 481 Robert S. Tebbs, Lily Y. Wong, Pius Brzoska and Olga V. Petrauskene Preface Salmonella has been a microbiological scourge on mankind for untold centuries. USDA researcher Daniel Salmon’s discovery of this bacterial pathogen in swine in 1885 marked the beginning of intense efforts to control salmonellae that have continued for the past 127 years. Although progress has been made on many fronts, salmonellosis has yet to be eliminated in either developed nations (gastrointestinal salmonellosis) or in developing nations (gastrointestinal and typhoidal salmonellosis). Chapters in this book address a wide array of topics related to understanding and controlling the pathogen. This book includes Salmonella as studied in the environment, air and in food products; genetic feedback mechanisms and molecular regulation; Salmonella virulence and pathogenicity, control by use of bacteriophage, antimicrobial peptides and other antimicrobials; control during animal production; epidemiology; bacterial adaptation; novel and rapid molecular and serological detection methods; antimicrobial resistance patterns; molecular diagnostics for typhoidal illness; proteomics; and survival mechanisms. This work represents the collective contributions of authors from all around the world. Authors and co-authors hail from a multiplicity of institutions including Oxford University in the U.K., Colleges of Veterinary and Human Medicine, the Egyptian National Research Center, the U.K. Health Protection Agency, the Japanese National Institute of Health Science, and numerous University Departments including departments of Animal Health, Animal Production, Biology, Biology & Medical Parasitology, Bioscience, Botany, Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Chemistry, Genetics & Biotechnology, Genetics & Microbiology, Marine Science, Medicine, Microbial Chemistry, Microbiology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Bioscience, Pharmaceutical Science, and Physics. As editors of this book, we have done our best to ensure that the chapters represent original material by the authors and we have excluded any work that has either been previously published elsewhere or manuscripts that have taken too much liberty in citing from other published materials. We hope you find this book as intriguing, insightful and thought-provoking as we have. Bassam A. Annous and Joshua B. Gurtler U.S. Department of Agriculture – ARS Eastern Regional Research Center Wyndmoor, USA X Preface Note: Drs. Annous and Gurtler wish to make clear that while they hold the scientific integrity of the authors in this book in the highest of esteem, any allusion to spontaneous generation of life, self-assembly, initial origins and macroevolutionary hypotheses do not necessarily reflect their own philosophical beliefs. [...]... variations in farming/food production practices, the existence of Salmonella Control Programs and food consumption patterns), and the effects of variability in surveillance parameters, and health care and 2 Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies diagnostic systems In Western Europe and in high-income regions of North America, total incidence (which includes... are usually isolated from cold-blooded animals and the environment (rarely from humans) (Pui et al., 2011) Biochemical reactions of S enterica serovars and differential characteristics of Salmonella species and subspecies are given in Tables 2 and 3 20 Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies Species / subspecies Salmonella enterica subsp enterica salamae arizonae... of Salmonella and the abundance of total coliforms, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci (Sharma & Rajput, 1996) Morinigo et al (1993) found significant correlation between densities of faecal indicators and the presence of Salmonella spp in Spanish fresh and marine natural waters that received faecal discharge 24 Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies. .. the established avian Salmonella pathogens, S Pullorum and S Gallinarum, when those subtypes had been largely eliminated from poultry flocks,34 with transmission of human disease being amplified by the progressive intensification of poultry farming 4 Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies 2 Identification and linking of cases In Ireland, as is common in most... however, unlike S Typhimurium, there is not at present a clear consensus on a standardized approach to MLVA for this serotype 8 Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies [Data source: NSSLRL, Unpublished data] Fig 1 Annual number clinical Salmonella isolates by serotype, Ireland 2000-2010 – [Top ten individually represented with all others combined] Phage type 2000... of formal standardisation of molecular typing methods, it would 12 Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies not have been possible to establish the potential links between these international cases, which might otherwise have been considered to be unlinked Unusually in 2010, DT8 was the most common S Typhimurium definitive type detected in Ireland This was... http://www.hpsc.ie/hpsc/A-Z/Gastroenteric/Salmonellosis/Outbreaks/ File,12549,en .pdf Accessed 13/9/2011 18 Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies [49] Rebolledo J et al Outbreak of Salmonella Heidelberg Associated with an Aircraft Flight from Tanzania, July 2011 In preparation [50] Garvey P, McKeown P Two new cases linked with nationwide 'duck egg' outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium DT8 Epi-Insight... animalderived pet treats Canada and Washington state, 2005 Can Commun Dis Rep 2006 Jul 1;32(13):150-5 16 Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies [22] Unicomb LE, Simmons G, Merritt T, Gregory J, Nicol C, Jelfs P, Kirk M, Tan A, Thomson R, Adamopoulos J, Little CL, Currie A, Dalton CB Sesame seed products contaminated with Salmonella: three outbreaks associated... variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis 6 Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies (MLVA), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) can add value, however the discriminatory power of each molecular method may vary based on the serotype under consideration In the not-too-distant future, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indeed whole genome sequencing may be... including two deaths; the implicated facility exported 800 tonnes of cooked food product across the world each week 10 Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies (for a fuller description of this outbreak, see below).19 An important facet of Salmonella outbreaks (in common with many other outbreak pathogens) is that the number of cases detected by investigation . SALMONELLA – DISTRIBUTION, ADAPTATION, CONTROL MEASURES AND MOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Bassam A. Annous and Joshua B. Gurtler Salmonella – Distribution,. Salmonella Control Programs and food consumption patterns), and the effects of variability in surveillance parameters, and health care and Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures. intensification of poultry farming. Salmonella – Distribution, Adaptation, Control Measures and Molecular Technologies 4 2. Identification and linking of cases In Ireland, as is common in most other