ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Preface The first edition of the Steel Heat Treatment Handbook was initially released in 1997. The objective of that book was to provide the reader with well-referenced information on the subjects covered with sufficient depth and breadth to serve as either an advanced under- graduate or graduate level text on heat treatment or as a continuing handbook reference for the designer or practicing engineer. However, since the initial release of the first edition of the Steel Heat Treatment Handbook, there have been various advancements in the field that needed to be addressed to assure up-to-date coverage of the topic. This text, Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies, is part of a revision of the earlier text. Some of the chapters in this text are updated revisions of the earlier book and others are completely new chapters or revisions. These chapters include: Chapter 1. Steel Nomenclature (Revision) Chapter 2. Classification and Mechanisms of Steel Transformations (New Chapter) Chapter 3. Fundamental Concepts in Steel Heat Treatment (Minor Revisions) Chapter 4. Effects of Alloying Elements on the Heat Treatment of Steel (Minor Revisions) Chapter 5. Hardenability (Minor Revisions) Chapter 6. Steel Heat Treatment (Minor Revisions) Chapter 7. Heat Treatment with Gaseous Atmospheres (Revision) Chapter 8. Nitriding Techniques, Ferritic Nitrocarburizing, and Austenitic Nitrocarburiz- ing Techniques and Methods (Revision) Chapter 9. Quenching and Quenching Technology (Revision) Chapter 10. Distortion of Heat-Treat ed Components (New Chapter) Chapter 11. Tool Steels (New Chapter) Chapter 12. Stainless Steel Heat Treatm ent (New Chapter) Chapter 13. Heat Treatment of Powder Metallurgy Steel Components (New Chapter) Approximately a third of the book is new and a third of the book is significantly revised versus the first edition of the Steel Heat Treatment Handbook. This new text is current with respect to heat treatment technology at this point at the beginning of the 21st century and is considerably broader in coverage but with the same depth and thoroughness that character- ized the first edition. Unfortunately, my close friend, colleague and mentor, Dr. Maurice A.H. Howes, who helped to bring the first edition of Steel Heat Treatment Handbook into fruition was unable to assist in the preparation of this second edition. However, I have endeavored to keep the same consistency and rigor of coverage as well as be true to the original vision that we had for this text as a way of serving the heat treatment industry so that this book will be a value resource to the reader in the future. George E. Totten, Ph.D., FASM Portland State University Portland, Oregon ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Editor George E. Totten, Ph.D. is president of G.E. Totten & Associates, LLC in Seattle, Washing- ton and a visiting professor of materials science at Portland State University. He is coeditor of a number of books including Steel Heat Treatment Handbook, Handbook of Aluminum, Handbook of Hydraulic Fluid Technology, Mechanical Tribology,andSurface Modification and Mechanisms (all titles of CRC Press), as well as the author or coauthor of over 400 technical papers, patents, and books on lubri cation, hydraulics, and thermal processing. He is a Fellow of ASM International, SAE International, and the International Federation for Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering (IFHTSE), and a member of other professional organizations including ACS, ASME, and ASTM. He formerly served as president of IFHTSE. He earned B.S. and M.S. degrees from Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, New Jersey and a Ph.D. degree from New York University, New York. ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Contributors S.S. Babu Edison Welding Institute Columbus, Ohio Elhachmi Essadiqi CANMET, Materials Technology Laboratory Ottawa, ON, Canada Johann Grosch Institut fuer Werkstofftechnik Technische Universitaet Berlin, Germany Boz ˇ idar Lis ˇ c ˇ ic ´ Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture University of Zabreb Zabreb, Croatia Guoquan Liu Beijing University of Science and Technology Beijing, China Michiharu Narazaki Utsunomiya University Utsunomiya, Japan Arnold R. Ness Bradley University Peoria, Illinois Joseph W. Newkirk University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri Angelo Fernando Padilha University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil Ronald Lesley Plaut University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil David Pye Pye Metallurgical Consulting, Inc. Meadville, Pennsylvania Paulo Rangel Rios Fluminense Federal University V. Redonda, Brazil Anil Kumar Sinha AKS Associates Fort Wayne, Indiana Anton Stich Technical University of Munich Munich, Germany Alexey V. Sverdlin Bradley University Peoria, Illinois Hans M. Tensi Technical University of Munich Munich, Germany Sanjay N. Thakur Hazen Powder Parts, LLC Hazen, Arkansas George E. Totten Portland State University Portland, Oregon Chengjian Wu Beijing University of Science and Technology Beijing, China ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. [...]... carbonitrides and refine the grains, therefore increasing the yield strength of steels Niobium is widely used in microalloying steels to obtain high strength and good toughness through controlled rolling and controlled cooling practices A 0.03% Nb in austenite can increase the yield strength of medium-carbon steel by 150 MPa Niobiumcontaining nonquenched and tempered steels, including microalloyed medium-carbon... 1.50 and 1.57 34xx Ni 3.00; Cr 0.77 Numerals and Digits TABLE 1.3 Standard Carbon Steel Compositions with SAE-AISI and Corresponding UNS Designations Plain Carbon Steel (Nonresulfurized, 1.0% Mn Max)a Cast or Heat Chemical Ranges and Limits (%)a UNS Number SAE-AISI Number C Mn P max S max G1 0060 G1 0080 G1 0090 G1 0100 G1 0120 G1 0150 G1 0160 G1 0170 G1 0180 G1 0190 G1 0200 G1 0210 G1 0220 G1 0230 G1 0250 G1 0260... completely killed ingot (No 1) to that of a violently rimmed ingot (No 8) (From W.D Landford and H.E McGannon, Eds., The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel, 10th ed. , U.S Steel, Pittsburgh, PA, 1985.) ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 1.3.1.4 Capped Steels Capped steel is a type of steel with characteristics similar to those of a rimmed steel but to a degree intermediate between that of rimmed and semikilled... killed and rimmed steels and less segregation than rimmed steel, and (2) a pronounced tendency for positive chemical segregation at the top center of the ingot (Figure 1.2) 1.3.1.3 Rimmed Steels Rimmed steel is characterized by a great degree of gas evolution during solidification in the mold and a marked difference in chemical composition across the section and from the top to the bottom of the ingot... and Ti are added to high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, fine nitrides and carbonitrides will form during controlled rolling and controlled cooling Nitrogen can be used as an alloying element in microalloying steels or austenitic stainless steels, causing precipitation or solid solution strengthening [5] Nitrogen induces strain aging, quench aging, and blue brittleness in low-carbon steels 1.2.8 CHROMIUM... sometimes used 1.3.1.2 Semikilled Steels Gas evolution is not completely suppressed by deoxidizing additions in semikilled steel, because it is partially deoxidized There is a greater degree of gas evolution than in killed steel, but less than in capped or rimmed steel An ingot skin of considerable thickness is formed before the beginning of gas evolution A correctly deoxidized semikilled steel ingot does... max G1 0060 G1 0080 G1 0090 G1 0100 G1 0120 G1 0150 G1 0160 G1 0170 G1 0180 G1 0190 G1 0200 G1 0210 G1 0220 G1 0230 G1 0250 G1 0260 G1 0300 G1 0330 G1 0350 G1 0370 G1 0380 G1 0390 G1 0400 G1 0420 G1 0430 G1 0450 G1 0490 G1 0500 G1 0550 G1 0600 G1 0640 G1 0650 G1 0700 G1 0740 G1 0750 G1 0780 G1 0800 G1 0840 G1 0850 G1 0860 G1 0900 G1 0950 1006 1008 1009 1010 1012 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1025 1026 1030 1033 1035 1037 1038 1039... additions leading to increased hardness and strength As such, carbon steels are generally grouped according to their C content In general, carbon steels contain up to 2% total alloying elements and can be subdivided into low-carbon, medium-carbon, highcarbon, and ultrahigh-carbon (UHC) steels; each of these designations is discussed below As a group, carbon steels constitute the most frequently used steel Table... employed, such as rimmed, killed, semikilled, and capped steels 7 Microstructure, such as ferritic, pearlitic, martensitic, and austenitic (Figure 1.1) 8 Required strength level, as specified in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards 9 Heat treatment, such as annealing, quenching and tempering, air cooling (normalization), and thermomechanical processing 10 Quality descriptors and. .. carbides and nitrides give a strong dispersion hardening effect in microalloyed steels after controlled rolling and controlled cooling Vanadium provides a very strong secondary hardening effect on tempering, therefore it raises hot-hardness and thus cutting ability in high-speed steels Vanadium increases fatigue strength and improves notch sensitivity Vanadium increases wear resistance, edge-holding quality, . the grains, therefore increasing the yield strength of steels. Niobium is widely used in microalloying steels to obtain high strength and good toughness through controlled rolling and controlled. the tempering of quenched steels. It promotes hot strength and red-hardness and thus cutting ability. It prevents grain growth at high temperature. W and Mo are the main alloying elements in high-speed steels. nitride- forming elements V, Nb, and Ti are added to high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, fine nitrides and carbonitrides will form during controlled rolling and controlled cooling. Nitro- gen can be used