P1: FYX/FYX PB091-FMI-Final P2: FYX/UKS QC: FYX/UKS January 24, 2002 T1: FYX 15:33 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMART MATERIALS VOLUME and VOLUME Mel Schwartz The Encyclopedia of Smart Materials is available Online at www.interscience.wiley.com/reference/esm A Wiley-Interscience Publication John Wiley & Sons, Inc iii P1: FYX/FYX P2: FYX/UKS PB091-FMI-Final QC: FYX/UKS January 24, 2002 This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright C T1: FYX 15:33 ∞ 2002 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York All rights reserved Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4744 Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158-0012, (212) 850-6011, fax (212) 850-6008, E-Mail: PERMREQ @ WILEY.COM For ordering and customer service, call 1-800-CALL WILEY Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Encyclopedia of smart materials / Mel Schwartz, editor-in-chief p cm “A Wiley-Interscience publication.” Includes index ISBN 0-471-17780-6 (cloth : alk.paper) Smart materials—Encyclopedias I Schwartz, Mel M TA418 9.S62 E63 620.1 1—dc21 2002 2001056795 Printed in the United States of America 10 iv P1: FYX/FYX P2: FYX/UKS PB091-FMI-Final QC: FYX/UKS January 24, 2002 T1: FYX 15:33 CONTRIBUTORS D Michelle Addington, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Architecture Yasuyuki Agari, Osaka Municipal Technical Research Institute, Jotoku, Osaka, Japan, Polymer Blends, Functionally Graded U.O Akpan, Martec Limited, Halifax, NS, Canada,Vibration Control in Ship Structures Samuel M Allen, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, Shape-Memory Alloys, Magnetically Activated Ferromagnetic Shape-Memory Materials J.M Bell, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane Qld, Windows Yves Bellouard, Institut de Syst` mes Robotiques Ecole Polytechnique e F´ d´ rale de Lausanne Switzerland, Microrobotics, Microdevices Based e e on Shape-Memory Alloys Davide Bernardini, Universita di Roma “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, ` Shape-Memory Materials, Modeling A Berry, GAUS, University de Sherbrroke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, Vibration Control in Ship Structures O Besslin, GAUS, University de Sherbrroke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, Vibration Control in Ship Structures Mahesh C Bhardwaj, Second Wave Systems, Boalsburg, PA, Nondestructive Evaluation Vivek Bharti, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) and Its Copolymers Rafael Bravo, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela, Truss Structures with Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors Christopher S Brazel, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, Biomedical Sensing W.A Bullough, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, Fluid Machines J David Carlson, Lord Corporation, Cary, NC, Magnetorheological Fluids Aditi Chattopadhyay, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Adaptive Systems, Rotary Wing Applications Peter C Chen, Alexandria, VA, Ship Health Monitoring Seung-Bok Choi, Inha University, Inchon, Korea, Vibration Control D.D.L Chung, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, Composites, Intrinsically Smart Structures Juan L Cormenzana, ETSII / Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Computational Techniques For Smart Materials Marcelo J Dapino, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Magnetostrictive Materials Jerry A Darsey, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, Neural Networks Kambiz Dianatkhah, Lennox Industries, Carrollton, TX, Highways Mohamed Dokainish, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Truss Structures with Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors Sherry Draisey, Good Vibrations Engineering, Ltd, Nobleton, Ontario, Canada, Pest Control Applications Michael Drake, University of Dayton Research, Dayton, OH, Vibrational Damping, Design Considerations Thomas D Dziubla, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, Gels Hiroshi Eda, IBARAKI University, Nakanarusawa, Japan, Giant Magnetostrictive Materials Shigenori Egusa (Deceased), Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, Japan, Paints Harold D Eidson, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX USA, Fish Aquatic Studies Arthur J Epstein, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Magnets, Organic/Polymer John S.O Evans, University of Durham, Durham, UK, Thermoresponsive Inorganic Materials Frank Filisko, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Electrorheological Materials Koji Fujita, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan, Triboluminescence, Applications in Sensors Takehito Fukuda, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan, Cure and Health Monitoring C.R Fuller, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, Sound Control with Smart Skins I Yu Galaev, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, Polymers, Biotechnology and Medical Applications David W Galipeau, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, Sensors, Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors L.B Glebov, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, Photochromic and Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glasses ¨ J.A Guemes, Univ Politecnica, Madrid, Spain, Intelligent Processing of Materials (IPM) Andrew D Hamilton, Yale University, New Haven, CT, Gelators, Organic Tian Hao, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, Electrorheological Fluids J.S Harrison, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, Polymers, Piezoelectric Bradley R Hart, University of California, Irvine, CA, Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Alisa J Millar Henrie, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, Magnetorheological Fluids Kazuyuki Hirao, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan, Triboluminescence, Applications in Sensors Wesley P Hoffman, Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL / PRSM, Edwards AFB, CA, Microtubes J Van Humbeeck, K.U Leuven-MTM, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium, Shape Memory Alloys, Types and Functionalities Emile H Ishida, INAX Corporation, Minatomachi, Tokoname, Aichi, Japan, Soil-Ceramics (Earth), Self-Adjustment of Humidity and Temperature Tsuguo Ishihara, Hyogo, Prefectural Institute of Industrial Research Suma-ku, Kobe, Japan, Triboluminescence, Applications in Sensors Yukio Ito, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, Ceramics, Transducers Bahram Jadidian, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, Ceramics, Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Andreas Janshoff, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitat, Mainz, Germany, ă Biosensors, Porous Silicon T.L Jordan, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, Characterization of Piezoelectric Ceramic Materials George Kavarnos, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) and Its Copolymers Andrei Kholkin, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, Ceramics, Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Jason S Kiddy, Alexandria, VA, Ship Health Monitoring L.C Klein, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, Electrochromic Sol-Gel Coatings T.S Koko, Martec Limited, Halifax, NS, Canada, Vibration Control in Ship Structures Tatsuro Kosaka, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan, Cure and Health Monitoring Joseph Kost, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, ISRAEL, Drug Delivery Systems D Kranbuehl, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, Frequency Dependent Electromagnetic Sensing (FDEMS) Smadar A Lapidot, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel, Drug Delivery Systems Manuel Laso, ETSII / Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Computational Techniques For Smart Materials Christine M Lee, Unilever Research US Edgewater, NJ, Langmuir– Blodgett Films ix P1: FYX/FYX P2: FYX/UKS PB091-FMI-Final x QC: FYX/UKS January 24, 2002 T1: FYX 15:33 CONTRIBUTORS F Rodriguez-Lence, EADS-CASA Getafe, Madrid, Spain, Intelligent Processing of Materials (IPM) Malgorzata M Lencka, OLI Systems, Inc Morris Plains, NJ, Intelligent Synthesis of Smart Ceramic Materials T.W Lewis, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia, Conductive Polymers Fang Li, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, Chitosan-Based Gels Anthony M Lowman, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, Gels Daoqiang Lu, Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Electrically Conductive Adhesives for Electronic Applications Shijian Luo, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Conductive Polymer Composites with Large Positive Temperature Coefficients L.A.P Kane-Maguire, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia, Conductive Polymers A Maignan, Laboratoire CRISMAT, ISMRA, CAEN Cedex, FRANCE, Colossal Magnetoresistive Materials Arumugam Manthiram, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, Battery Applications P Masson, GAUS, University de Sherbrroke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, Vibration Control in Ship Structures Hideaki Matsubara, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Japan, Self-diagnosing of Damage in Ceramics and Large-Scale Structures J.P Matthews, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane Qld, Windows B Mattiasson, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, Polymers, Biotechnology and Medical Applications Raymond M Measures, Ontario, Canada, Fiber Optics, Bragg Grating Sensors ´ Rosa E Melendez, Yale University, New Haven, CT, Gelators, Organic J.M Menendez, EADS-CASA Getafe, Madrid, Spain, Intelligent Processing of Materials (IPM) Zhongyan Meng, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Actuators, Piezoelectric Ceramic, Functional Gradient Joel S Miller, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Magnets, Organic/Polymer; Spin-Crossover Materials Nezih Mrad, Institute for Aerospace Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Optical Fiber Sensor Technology: Introduction and Evaluation and Application Rajesh R Naik, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Biomimetic Electromagnetic Devices R.C O’Handley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, Shape-Memory Alloys, Magnetically Activated Ferromagnetic ShapeMemory Materials Yoshiki Okuhara, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Japan, Self-diagnosing of Damage in Ceramics and Large-scale Structures Christopher O Oriakhi, Hewlett-Packard Company, Corvallis, OR, Chemical Indicating Devices Z Ounaies, ICASE/NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, Characterization of Piezoelectric Ceramic Materials; Polymers, Piezoelectric Thomas J Pence, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, ShapeMemory Materials, Modeling Darryll J Pines, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, Health Monitoring (Structural) Using Wave Dynamics Jesse E Purdy, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, Fish Aquatic Studies Jinhao Qiu, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan, Biomedical Applications John Rajadas, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, Adaptive Systems, Rotary Wing Applications Carolyn Rice, Cordis-NDC, Fremont, CA, Shape Memory Alloys, Applications R H Richman, Daedalus Associates, Mountain View, CA, Power Industry Applications Richard E Riman, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, Intelligent Synthesis of Smart Ceramic Materials Paul Ross, Alexandria, VA, Ship Health Monitoring Ahmad Safari, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, Ceramics, Piezoelectric and Electrostrictive Daniel S Schodek, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Architecture Jeffrey Schoess, Honeywell Technology Center, Minneapolis, MN, Sensor Array Technology, Army Johannes Schweiger, European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company, Military Aircraft Business Unit, Muenchen, Germany, Aircraft Control, Applications of Smart Structures K.H Searles, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Beaverton, OR, Composites, Survey Kenneth J Shea, University of California, Irvine, CA, Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Songhua Shi, Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Flip-Chip Applications, Underfill Materials I.L Skryabin, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane Qld, Windows N Sponagle, DREA, Dartmouth, NS, Canada, Vibration Control in Ship Structures R Stalmans, Flexmet, Aarschot, Belgium, Shape Memory Alloys, Types and Functionalities Dave S Steinberg, Westlake Village, CA, Vibrational Analysis Claudia Steinem, Universitat Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, ă Biosensors, Porous Silicon Morley O Stone, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Biomimetic Electromagnetic Devices J Stringer, EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, Power Industry Applications A Suleman, Instituto Superior T´ cnico, Lisbon, Portugal, Adaptive e Composite Systems: Modeling and Applications J Szabo, DREA, Dartmouth, NS, Canada, Vibration Control in Ship Structures Daniel R Talham, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, Langmuir– Blodgett Films Katsuhisa Tanaka, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan, Triboluminescence, Applications in Sensors Mami Tanaka, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan, Biomedical Applications Brian S Thompson, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, Composites, Future Concepts Harry Tuller, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, Electroceramics Kenji Uchino, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, Ceramics, Transducers Eric Udd, Blue Road Research, Fairview, Oregon, Fiber optics, Theory and Applications Anthony Faria Vaz, Applied Computing Enterprises Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada & University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Truss Structures with Piezoelectric Actuators and Sensors A.G Vedeshwar, University of Delhi, Delhi, India, Optical Storage Films, Chalcogenide Compound Films Aleksandra Vinogradov, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, Piezoelectricity in Polymers G.G Wallace, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia, Conductive Polymers Lejun Wang, Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Flip-Chip Applications, Underfill Materials Zhong L Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Smart Perovskites Phillip G Wapner, ERC Inc., Edwards AFB, CA, Microtubes Zhongguo Wei, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China, Hybrid Composites Michael O Wolf, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Poly(P-Phenylenevinylene) C.P Wong, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Conductive Polymer Composites with Large Positive Temperature Coefficients; Electrically Conductive Adhesives for Electronic Applications C.P Wong, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, Flip-Chip Applications, Underfill Materials Chao-Nan Xu, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tosu, Saga, Japan, Coatings P1: FYX/FYX P2: FYX/UKS PB091-FMI-Final QC: FYX/UKS January 24, 2002 T1: FYX 15:33 CONTRIBUTORS Hiroaki Yanagida, University of Tokyo, Mutuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Japan, Environmental and People Applications; KenMaterials; Self-diagnosing of Damage in Ceramics and Large-scale Structures Dazhi Yang, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China, Hybrid Composites Kang De Yao, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, Chitosan-Based Gels Yu Ji Yin, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, Chitosan-Based Gels xi Rudolf Zentel, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany, Polymers, Ferroelectric liquid Crystalline Elastomers Q.M Zhang, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) and Its Copolymers Feng Zhao, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, Chitosan-Based Gels Libo Zhou, IBARAKI University, Nakanarusawa, Japan, Giant Magnetostrictive Materials Xinhua Zhu, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China, Actuators, Piezoelectric Ceramic, Functional Gradient P1: FYX/FYX P2: FYX/UKS PB091-FMI-Final QC: FYX/UKS January 24, 2002 T1: FYX 15:33 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMART MATERIALS Editor-in-Chief Mel Schwartz Editorial Board Alok Das Air Force Research Laboratory/VSD US Air Force Michael L Drake University of Dayton Research Institute Caroline Dry Natural Process Design School of Architecture University of Illinois Lisa C Klein Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey Craig A Rogers James Sirkis CiDRA Corporation Junji Tani Tohoku University C.P Wong Georgia Institute of Technology Editorial Staff Vice-President, STM Books: Janet Bailey Vice-President and Publisher: Paula Kepos Executive Editor: Jacqueline I Kroschwitz S Eswar Prasad Sensor Technology Limited Director, Book Production and Manufacturing: Camille P Carter Buddy D Ratner University of Washington Managing Editor: Shirley Thomas Editorial Assistant: Surlan Murrell ii P1: FYX/FYX P2: FYX/UKS PB091-FMI-Final QC: FYX/UKS January 24, 2002 T1: FYX 15:33 PREFACE environments, such as at high temperatures or in corrosive atmospheres Automotive companies are investigating the use of smart materials to control vehicles in panels, such as damping vibration in roof panels, engine mounts, etc Aerospace applications include the testing of aircraft and satellites for the strenuous environments in which they are used, both in the design phase and in use, as well as for actuators or devices to react to or control vibrations, or to change the shape of structures In civil engineering, especially in earthquake-prone areas, a number of projects are under way to investigate the use of materials such as active composites to allow support systems of bridges (and the like) to handle such shocks without catastrophic failure These materials can be used in many structures that have to withstand severe stresses, such as offshore oil rigs, bridges, flyovers, and many types of buildings The ESM will serve the rapidly expanding demand for information on technological developments of smart materials and devices In addition to information for manufacturers and assemblers of smart materials, components, systems, and structures, ESM is aimed at managers responsible for technology development, research projects, R&D programs, business development, and strategic planning in the various industries that are considering these technologies These industries, as well as aerospace and automotive industries, include mass transit, marine, computer-related and other electronic equipment, as well as industrial equipment (including rotating machinery, consumer goods, civil engineering, and medical applications) Smart material and system developments are diversified and have covered many fields, from medical and biological to electronic and mechanical For example, a manufacturer of spinal implants and prosthetic components has produced a prosthetic device that dramatically improves the mobility of leg amputees by closely recreating a natural gait Scientists and doctors have engineered for amputees a solution with controllable magneto-rheological (MR) technology to significantly improve stability, gait balance, and energy efficiency for amputees Combining electronics and software, the MR-enabled responsiveness of the device is 20 times faster than that of the prior state-of-the-art devices, and therefore allows the closest neural human reaction time of movement for the user The newly designed prosthetic device therefore more closely mimics the process of natural thought and locomotion than earlier prosthetic designs Another example is the single-axis accelerometer/ sensor technology, now available in the very low-profile, surface-mount LCC-8 package This ceramic package allows users to surface-mount the state-of-the-art MEMSbased sensors Through utilization of this standard packaging profile, one is now able to use the lowest The Encyclopedia of Smart Materials (ESM) contains the writings, thoughts, and work of many of the world’s foremost people (scientists, educators, chemists, engineers, laboratory and innovative practitioners) who work in the field of smart materials The authors discuss theory, fundamentals, fabrication, processing, application, applications and uses of these very special, and in some instances rare, materials The term “smart structure” and “smart materials” are much used and abused Consideration of the lexicology of the English language should provide some guidelines, although engineers often forget the dictionary and evolve a language of their own Here is what the abbreviated Oxford English Dictionary says: r Smart: severe enough to cause pain, sharp, vigorous, lively, brisk clever, ingenious, showing quick wit or ingenuity selfishly clever to the verge of dishonesty; r Material: matter from which a thing is made; r Structure: material configured to mechanical work a thing constructed, complex whole The concept of “smart” or “intelligent” materials, systems, and structures has been around for many years A great deal of progress has been made recently in the development of structures that continuously and actively monitor and optimize themselves and their performance through emulating biological systems with their adaptive capabilities and integrated designs The field of smart materials is multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary, and there are a number of enabling technologies—materials, control, information processing, sensing, actuation, and damping— and system integration across a wide range of industrial applications The diverse technologies that make up the field of smart materials and structures are at varying stages of commercialization Piezoelectric and electrostrictive ceramics, piezoelectric polymers, and fiber-optic sensor systems are well-established commercial technologies, whereas micromachined electromechanical systems (MEMS), magnetostrictive materials, shape memory alloys (SMA) and polymers, and conductive polymers are in the early stages of commercialization The next wave of smart technologies will likely see the wider introduction of chromogenic materials and systems, electro- and magneto-rheological fluids, and biometric polymers and gels Piezoelectric transducers are widely used in automotive, aerospace, and other industries to measure vibration and shock, including monitoring of machinery such as pumps and turbomachinery, and noise and vibration control MEMS sensors are starting to be used where they offer advantages over current technologies, particularly for static or low frequency measurements Fiber-optic systems are increasingly being used in hazardous or difficult v P1: FYX/FYX P2: FYX/UKS PB091-FMI-Final vi QC: FYX/UKS January 24, 2002 T1: FYX 15:33 PREFACE profile, smallest surface-mountable accelerometer/sensor currently available This sensor/accelerometer product technology offers on-chip mixed signal processing, MEMS sensor, and full flexibility in circuit integration on a single chip Features of the sensor itself include continuous self-test as well as both ratiometric and absolute output Other sensor attributes include high long-term reliability resulting from no moving parts, which eliminates striction and tap-sensitive/sticky quality issues Application areas include automotive, computer devices, gaming, industrial control, event detection, as well as medical and home appliances In high-speed trains traveling at 200 km/h, a droning or rumbling is often heard by passengers Tiny imperfections in the roundness of the wheels generate vibrations in the train that are the source of this noise In addition to increasing the noise level, these imperfect wheels lead to accelerated material fatigue An effective countermeasure is the use of actively controlled dampers Here a mechanical concept—a specific counterweight combined with an adjustable sprint and a powerful force-actuator—is coupled with electronic components Simulations show what weights should be applied at which points on the wheel to optimally offset the vibrations Sensors detect the degree of vibration, which varies with the train’s speed The electronic regulator then adjusts the tension in the springs and precisely synchronizes the timing and the location of the counter-vibration as needed Undesirable vibration energy is diffused, and the wheel rolls quietly and smoothly In this way, wear on the wheels is considerably reduced The prospects of minimized material fatigue, a higher level of travel comfort for passengers, and lower noise emissions are compelling reasons for continuing this development Novel composite materials discovered by researchers exhibit dramatically high levels of magneto-resistance, and have the potential to significantly increase the performance of magnetic sensors used in a wide variety of important technologies, as well as dramatically increase data storage in magnetic disk drives The newly developed extraordinary magnetoresistance (EMR) materials can be applied in the read heads of disk drives, which, together with the write heads and disk materials, determine the overall capacity, speed, and efficiency of magnetic recording and storage devices EMR composite materials will be able to respond up to 1000 times faster than the materials used in conventional read heads, thus significantly advancing magnetic storage technology and bringing the industry closer to its long-range target of a disk drive that will store a terabit (1000 gigabits) of data per square inch The new materials are composites of nonmagnetic, semiconducting, and metallic components, and exhibit an EMR at room temperature of the order of 1,000,000% at high fields More importantly, the new materials give high values of room-temperature magnetoresistance at low and moderate fields Embedding a highly conducting meal, such as gold, into a thin disc of a nonmagnetic semiconductor, such as indium antimonide, boosts the magnetoresistance, and offers a number of other advantages These include very high thermal stability, the potential for much lower manufacturing costs, and operation at speeds up to 1000 times higher than sensors fabricated from magnetic materials Envisioned are numerous other applications of EMR sensors in areas such as consumer electronics, wireless telephones, and automobiles, which utilize magnetic sensors in their products Future EMR sensors will deliver dramatically greater sensitivity, and will be considerably less expensive to produce Another recent development is an infrared (IR) gas sensor based on MEMS manufacturing techniques The MEMS IR gas SensorChip will be sensitive enough to compete with larger, more complex gas sensors, but inexpensive enough to penetrate mass-market applications MEMS technology should simplify the construction of IR gas sensors by integrating all the active functions onto a single integrated circuit Tiny electronic devices called “smart dust,” which are designed to capture large amounts of data about their surroundings while floating in the air, have been developed The project could lead to wide array of applications, from following enemy troop movements and detecting missiles before launch to detecting toxic chemicals in the environments and monitoring weather patterns The “Smart Dust” project aims to create massively distributed sensor networks, consisting of hundreds to many thousands of sensor nodes, and one or more interrogators to query the network and read out sensor data The sensor nodes will be completely autonomous, and quite small Each node will contain a sensor, electronics, power supply, and communication hardware, all in a volume of mm3 The idea behind “smart dust” is to pack sophisticated sensors, tiny computers, and wireless communications onto minuscule “motes” of silicon that are light enough to remain suspended in air for hours at a time As the motes drift on the wind, they can monitor the environment for light, sound, temperature, chemical composition, and a wide range of other information, and transmit the data back to a distant base station Each mote of smart dust is composed of a number of MEMS, wired together to form a simple computer Each mote contains a solar cell to generate power, sensors that can be programmed to look for specific information, a tiny computer that can store the information and sort out which data are worth reporting, and a communicator that enables the mote to be interrogated by the base unit The goals are to explore the fundamental limits to the size of autonomous sensor platforms, and the new applications which become possible when autonomous sensors can be made on a millimeter scale Laser light can quickly and accurately flex fluid-swollen plastics called polymer gels These potential polymer muscles could be used to power robot arms, because they expand and contract when stimulated by heat or certain chemicals Gel/laser combinations could find applications ranging from actuators to sensors, and precisely targeted laser light could allow very specific shape changes Polymer gels have been made to shrink and swell in a fraction of a second Targeting laser light at the center of a cylinder made of N-isopropylacrylamide pinches together the tube’s edges to form a dumb-bell shape The cylinder P1: FYX/FYX P2: FYX/UKS PB091-FMI-Final QC: FYX/UKS January 24, 2002 T1: FYX 15:33 PREFACE returns to its original shape when the laser is switched off This movement is possible because in polymer gels, the attractive and repulsive forces between neighboring molecules are finely balanced Small chemical and physical changes can disrupt this balance, making the whole polymer to violently expand or collapse Also it has been shown that radiation forces from focused laser light disturb this delicate equilibrium, and induce a reversible phase transition Repeated cycling did not change the thresholds of shrinkage and expansion; also, the shrinking is not caused by temperature increases accompanying the laser radiation The field of smart materials offers enormous potential for rapid introduction and implementation in a wide range vii of end-user sectors industries Not only are the organizations involved in research and preliminary development keen to grow their markets in order to capitalize on their R&D investment, but other technologically aware companies are alerted to new business opportunities for their own products and skillsets The readers of this ESM will appreciate the efforts of a multitude of researchers, academia, and industry people who have contributed to this endeavor The editor is thankful to Dr James Harvey and Mr Arthur Biderman for their initial efforts in getting the project off the ground and moving the program Mel Schwartz Table of Contents Preface Actuators to Architecture Actuators, Piezoelectric Ceramic, Functional Gradient Introduction Actuators Piezoelectric Ceramics Functionally Graded Materials Summary Acknowledgments Bibliography vii 1 14 15 Adaptive Composite Systems: Modeling and Applications Introduction Actuators and Sensors Adaptive Composite Modeling Applications Concluding Remarks Bibliography 16 16 16 18 20 25 25 Adaptive Systems, Rotary Wing Applications Introduction Active / Passive Control of Structural Response Passive / Active Control of Damping Trailing Edge Flaps Servoflap Active Twist Modeling Future Directions Bibliography 28 28 29 30 32 34 35 37 39 40 Aircraft Control, Applications of Smart Structures Introduction Smart Structures for Flight in Nature General Remarks on Aspects of Aircraft Design Traditional Active or Adaptive Aircraft Control Concepts The Range of Active Structures and Materials Applications in Aeronautics Aircraft Structures Smart Materials for Active Structures The Role of Aeroelasticity Overview of Smart Structural Concepts for Aircraft Control Quality of the Deformations Achievable Amount of Deformation and Effectiveness of Different Active Aeroelastic Concepts Need for Analyzing and Optimizing the Design of Active Structural Concepts Summary, Conclusions, and Predictions Bibliography 42 42 43 44 44 This page has been reformatted by Knovel for easier navigation 45 45 47 47 50 54 55 56 57 58 1179 Index Terms Hydrogen bonding chemical indicators hydrogels Hydrogen loading, with fiber Bragg gratings Hydrothermal processing, of soil-ceramics Hydrothermal synthesis, of smart perovskites Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate, for smart pills Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Phthalate, for smart pills 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid, as pH indicator Hygrometers, in architectural smart materials Hysteresis biosensors electrorheological materials ferroelectric ferroelectric liquid crystalline elastomers ferromagnetic shape-memory alloys giant magnetostrictive materials magnetostrictive materials organic magnets piezoelectric ceramics PVDF and copolymers shape-memory alloys and shape-memory alloys in biomedical applications Links 471 174 491 400 472 1019 568 839 839 879 62 97 384 341 850 936 505 604 592 164 807 927 98 852 508 617 593 170 959 970 84 I Ice, dangers to ships IC fabrication Illuminance measurements, material characteristics for architectural smart materials Ilmenites, spontaneous polarization Immobilization See Enzyme immobilization Immune responses, to drug delivery Immunization Immunoassays, smart polymers for Immunochemical biosensors Impact damage, sensor array technology for aircraft Impact test, for smart truss structures Implants See also Drug delivery systems chitosan-based Imprint lithography Indirect fiber-optic sensors 982 438 62 994 319 319 846 96 903 1077 82 97 904 907 182 645 719 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1180 Index Terms Indium chalcogenide films Indium tin oxide (ITO) with PPV in photovoltaics and light-emitting devices in smart windows Indium tungstate, negative thermal expansion Indomethacin, pulsatile delivery sytems for Induction motors, for ship noise control Industrial Revolution Inertial damping, material characteristics for architectural smart materials Inflammation Inflammation-responsive drug delivery systems Inflatoplane Information integration Infrared detection, biological Inherently conducting polymers See also Conductive polymers ring-substituted Injection molding Injection molding mandrels shape-memory alloy application In-line fiber etalon sensor Innovative Control Effector program Inorganic electrochromic smart windows Insect vision Insertion compounds, lithium Insulin glucose-responsive delivery hydrogel-based delivery systems pulsatile delivery systems Insulin pumps Integral passives Integrating fiber-optic sensors Integration, technology direction Intelligent biomaterials Intelligent ceramics Intelligent components, in architecture Intelligent environments Intelligent fibers Intelligent hydraulics Intelligent materials See also Smart materials Intelligent polymer systems See also Conductive polymers; Smart polymers Intelligent processing of materials (IPM) Intelligent synthesis, of ceramic materials Links 744 751 799 1143 1049 321 1106 215 62 319 324 53 222 115 279 286 293 934 729 51 1136 112 72 319 106 497 320 105 438 718 582 392 392 60 60 392 449 218 73 325 498 321 500 860 279 559 568 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1181 Index Terms Intelligent transportation systems Intensiometric optical fiber sensors Intensity-based sensors, for health monitoring Interaortic balloon pump Interdigital transducers Interface nucleation and Propagation, shape-memory material modeling Interfacial polarization, and electrorheological effect Interferometric based demodulation Interferometric optical fiber sensors for health monitoring Interior daylight sensors, for louvers Interior heat generation, smart materials for controlling Intermolecular interactions Interpenetrating polymer network Intrinsically-distributed fiber-optic sensors Intrinsically-smart structures cement matrix composites for polymer matrix composites for Intrinsic electrorheological materials Intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer sensor Intrinsic fiber-optic sensors Intrinsic sensors Invar effect Invars magnetostriction in magnetovolume effect negative thermal expansion Inverse Joule effect Inverse Wertheim effect Inverse Wiedemann effect Investor-owned utilities Ionic conductivity, smart perovskites Ionic displacement polarization, and electrorheological effect Ionic hydrogels Ion transfer I-Point (Vitsab) time-temperature indicator Iron See also Invars; Terfenol-D magnetostrictive coefficient suspended particles as magnetorheological fluid Iron Age Links 546 720 548 723 303 86 911 551 305 87 968 363 411 723 303 62 62 471 183 718 223 223 233 379 724 416 399 1044 603 609 1043 506 507 609 874 999 363 492 221 378 386 472 381 725 719 1046 608 364 386 179 215 607 598 214 215 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1182 Index Terms Iron-based shape-memory alloys magnetically activated ferromagnetic magnetic-field-induced martensitic transformation Iron-based spin-crossover materials Iron-chromium-nickel alloys biocompatibility Iron-manganese-silicon shape-memory alloys for ship noise control Iron oxide cathodes, lithium-ion batteries Iron-palladium shape-memory alloys magnetic field-induced strain Iron powder compact, noncontact ultrasound examination Iron-rhenium alloys, for optothermo magnetic motors Iron-terbium-dysprosium magnetostrictive materials See Terfenol-D Iron(tetracyanoethylene)2-based magnets Irreversible digital storage Irreversible temperature labels Isocitrate dehydrogenase N-Isopropyl carbazole triboluminescence Isotropic conductive adhesives Isotropic spontaneous magnetostriction ITO See Indium tin oxide Links 951 936 956 1036 83 951 1101 80 938 947 711 392 595 738 176 100 1054 331 606 745 751 J Jahn-Teller distortion in cathodes for lithium-ion batteries in colossal magnetoresistive materials Joule annealing, of shape-memory alloys Joule effect Joule magnetostriction Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures Journal of Smart Material Systems and Structures 79 202 640 506 601 207 606 609 218 218 K Kaolinite, hydrothermal processing 1019 Keatite Ken materials Ken Materials Research Consortium Kerosene, electrorheological fluid phase Kerr effect Kevlar 49 Kevlaro, in shape-memory alloy fiber/polymer matrix composites Kiesewetter motor Knee prosthesis 1051 581 392 377 353 257 553 612 449 581 451 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1183 Index Terms Kohonen self-organizing maps Koi, operant conditioning Krypton fluoride lasers, for Bragg grating writing Kunster marrow needle Links 684 426 400 84 L LabView, fish studies application Lactate biosensor Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate oxidase Lactose biosensors Lagrangian methods Lake trout, radio telemetry Lamellar composites Laminate failure Lamination theory Lamnoid sharks, acoustic telemetry Langmuir-Blodgett films characterization of transferred for microtube formation PVDF copolymers smart material applications Langmuir-Blodgett-Kuhn films Langmuir-Blodgett-Shaefer method Langmuir-Blodgett trough Langmuir film balance Langmuir monolayers Langmuir trough Lanthanide manganite perovskites colossal magnetoresistance in Lanthanum hydrides, in smart windows Lanthanum manganite perovskites colossal magnetoresistance in ionic conductivity Lanthanum strontium cobalt oxides Laptop computers, high energy density batteries required Large flexible space structures Large-scale structures damage self-diagnosis flexible space structures Laser annealing, of shape-memory alloys Laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition Laser-induced ultrasound Laser machining Lasers poly(p-phenylenevinylene) application for writing on optical recording media Lattice cell mechanics shape-memory material modeling 429 98 100 100 95 272 435 246 263 260 436 584 588 645 815 589 584 587 584 584 584 584 107 585 585 202 1140 1002 202 999 1009 68 1065 72 891 1065 640 645 693 632 804 738 746 967 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1184 Index Terms Laws relay Layered cobalt oxide cathodes lithium-ion batteries Layered iron oxide cathodes lithium-ion batteries Layered nickel oxide cathodes lithium-ion batteries Layered vanadium oxide cathodes lithium-ion batteries Lead-acid batteries lithium-ion batteries compared Lead lanthanum zirconate (PLZT), in shape-memory alloy/piezoelectric heterostructures Lead magnesium niobate ferroelectric relaxor intelligent synthesis Lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate ceramics, ferroelectric liquid crystalline elastomers contrasted Lead magnesium niobate (PMN) applications for ship noise control smart perovskite Lead meta-niobates, in dry coupling ultrasonic transducers Lead niobate intelligent synthesis properties Lead titanate composites with piezoelectric polymers composites with smart paints intelligent synthesis negative thermal expansion properties in shape-memory alloy/ piezoelectric heterostructures spontaneous polarization Lead-titanium hydrothermal system Lead zinc niobate, intelligent synthesis Lead zirconate-lead titanate discovery of piezoelectricity in in dry coupling ultrasonic transducers Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) for adaptive composite systems applications cation doping characterization composites with piezoelectric polymers composites with smart paints Links 450 74 80 75 80 331 72 557 144 144 569 151 153 575 858 159 1099 992 160 1100 997 693 575 168 151 557 755 569 1043 143 557 994 571 569 152 150 693 337 17 156 999 162 144 754 152 572 576 151 578 168 578 343 18 157 31 160 557 755 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1185 Index Terms Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) (cont.) for cure monitoring for flexible manipulator for health monitoring intelligent synthesis in magnetometers mixed-oxide route for preparing piezoelectric coefficients in piezoelectric double amplifier smart skin piezoelectricity in properties in sensors for transformer monitoring in shape-memory alloy/ piezoelectric heterostructures for ship noise control smart perovskite in smart truss structures thin films for vibration control in smart structures Learning animal studies self-learning Lecithins, Langmuir-Blodgett films Leclanche battery LEDs (light-emitting diodes), in architectural smart materials Lens polishing machine Level sensing noncontact ultrasound for ultrasound for Lever Lidocaine, pulsatile delivery systems for Lifeline Fresh-check/Fresh-Scan time-temperature indicators Life monitoring See also Health monitoring frequency dependent electromagnetic sensing for Liftoff fabrication process, of microdevices LIGA process Light-emitting devices in architectural smart materials poly(p-phenylenevinylene) application Light-emitting electrochemical cells poly(p-phenylenevinylene) application Lighting systems, smart materials for Light valves See Suspended particle panels Lime, in soil-ceramics Linear displacement transducers, for ship health monitoring Linear magnetostriction Links 300 1094 308 569 616 163 150 1032 143 151 881 557 1099 992 1071 1089 423 219 585 71 309 571 573 576 578 150 168 162 781 788 1100 995 1111 147 151 220 222 62 455 63 694 690 215 321 699 154 713 178 467 632 644 633 62 799 63 799 60 804 61 62 63 1019 986 606 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 861 1186 Index Terms Linear (micro)actuator Linear motors, magnetostrictives for Linear potentiometer, for ship health monitoring Linear quadratic Gaussian control for truss structure vibration control for vibration control Linear variable differential transformers for ship health monitoring for ship noise control Linear variable inductance transformer, for ship noise control Lipid templated tubes Liposomes with temperature-sensitive hydrogels Liquid-condensed phases Liquid crystal display labels Liquid crystal displays in smart windows and spin-crossover materials Liquid crystalline materials in architectural smart materials as chemical indicator composites with PPV ferroelectric liquid crystalline elastomers memory effects piezoelectricity PPV films Liquid-expanded phases Liquid molding Liquid-phase sintering conductive adhesive Lithium aluminosilicate gels Lithium-cobalt nitride anodes lithium-ion batteries Lithium-cobalt oxide cathodes, in lithium-ion batteries Lithium-copper nitride anodes lithium-ion batteries Lithium-copper-tin alloy anodes lithium-ion batteries Lithium insertion compounds Lithium-ion batteries carbon anodes conventional batteries compared layered cobalt oxide cathodes layered nickel oxide cathodes other anodes other cathodes spinel manganese oxide cathodes Links 636 612 986 1065 1089 986 1103 1103 645 838 498 586 176 844 1133 1036 1135 62 174 797 850 267 864 798 586 293 335 359 1139 63 866 81 74 81 81 72 72 80 72 74 75 81 79 78 73 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1187 Index Terms Lithium-ion cells Lithium-iron nitride anodes lithium-ion batteries Lithium-iron oxide cathodes lithium-ion batteries Lithium-manganese nitride anodes lithium-ion batteries Lithium-manganese oxide battery Lithium-manganese oxide cathodes lithium-ion batteries Lithium-nickel oxide cathodes lithium-ion batteries Lithium niobate piezoelectricity in for ship noise control single crystals for surface acoustic wave devices Lithium-sulfur oxide battery Lithium tantalate single crystals for surface acoustic wave devices Lithium-titanium oxide anodes lithium-ion batteries Lithium-vanadium oxide cathodes lithium-ion batteries Lithography Local transformation strain Lockable damper mechanism Long-period grating based sensors for health monitoring Loudspeakers, for ship noise control Louver control systems shape-memory alloy application smart materials for Low density polyethylene, in composites with large positive temperature coefficients Low-temperature martensite reorientation modeling Luciferin Lumen/watt energy conversion ratio material characteristics for architectural smart materials Links 73 81 80 81 71 78 75 344 781 1099 151 157 71 344 151 157 1100 81 80 645 965 449 303 1104 304 930 62 276 965 977 103 978 62 63 419 491 965 71 107 724 M Mach-Zender interferometer Macroporous hydrogels Macroscopic transformation strain Magnesium battery Magnesium biosensors 725 726 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1188 Index Terms Magnesium hydroxide/ poly(methylphenylsiloxane) electrorheological fluid Magnetically-activated ferromagnetic shape memory alloys Magnetically-responsive hydrogels Magnetically-stimulated pulsatile drug delivery systems Magnetic anisotropy magnetostrictive materials Magnetic domain processes Magnetic-field-induced martensitic transformation Magnetic-field-induced twin rearrangement Magnetic films, Langmuir-Blodgett film applications Magnetic moment Magnetic moment jumping Magnetic particulate/shape-memory alloy matrix composites Magnetic powder brakes Magnetic transitions, and negative thermal expansion Magnetism Magnetization models nickel-manganese-gallium shape-memory alloys Magnetomechanical effect Magnetometers, magnetostrictives for Magnetoresistance smart perovskites Magnetorheological fluids for adaptive systems ESF controllers and fluid machines memory effects for ship noise control for structural vibration control Magnetorheological materials Magnetostriction field-induced strain contrasted isotropic spontaneous linear and microrobotics origin of saturation Magnetostrictive/ferromagnetic tagged composites Links 363 936 496 320 603 604 936 956 940 589 591 603 555 598 1043 591 601 618 939 608 615 202 998 597 17 451 450 267 1100 62 218 218 949 606 606 642 603 606 604 30 1103 597 504 601 607 310 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1189 Index Terms Magnetostrictive fluids See also Giant magnetostrictive materials Magnetostrictive materials See also Giant magnetostrictive materials; Terfenol-D for adaptive systems hybrid magnetostrictive/ piezoelectric devices shape-memory alloy/Terfenol-D heterostructures for ship noise control Magnetostrictive transducers Magnetovolume effect Magnets, organic/polymer Maleic anhydride copolymers Langmuir-Blodgett films Mammalok Manganese nitride anodes lithium-ion batteries Manganese oxide spinel cathodes lithium-ion batteries Manganese(tetracyanoethylene)2based magnets Manifolded microtubes Manual processing of materials Manufacturing process monitoring Marrow needles shape-memory alloy application Mars Sojourner Rover actuator shape-memory alloys application Martensite See also Austenitemartensite phase transformation aging and order state of biased and unbiased classification of nonferrous low-temperature reorientation stress-strain behavior Mass loading, surface acoustic wave sensors Material processing, intelligent Materials evolution Materials science Mathematical modeling See Computational techniques; Modeling Matrix models Matsushiro earthquake swarm (1965), triboluminescence during Matteuci effect Links 600 216 860 16 28 613 557 1099 609 609 591 1100 1101 586 931 81 78 595 652 559 292 82 84 654 560 928 953 965 951 965 939 911 559 214 214 977 978 243 272 1055 609 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1190 Index Terms Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars interfacial polarization Mechanically-induced triboluminescence Mechanical properties determination noncontact ultrasound application ultrasound for Mechanoluminescence alkaline aluminates doped with rare-earth ions devices for measurement zinc sulfide doped with transitionmetal ions Medical applications See Biomedical applications Medical checkup devices Medium-range order, chalcogenide compounds Megamouth shark, ultrasonic telemetry MEH-PPV See Poly[2-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy-5methoxy-p-phenylene)vinylene] Melamine-barbiturate organogelators Melanophila acuminata, infrared detection Membranes chitosan-based gel applications microtube fabrication in nanoporous molecularly imprinted polymers application Memory effects, computational techniques Memory fluids constitutive equations finite element calculation Memory scattering Mercury battery Mesophase-pitch-based carbon fibers in composites for intrinsically smart structures Metakaolin Metal matrix composites intelligent processing application Metal microtubes Metal processing, intelligent processing application Metal welding, intelligent material processing Metglas magnetoelastic properties magnetostriction in in sensors Methacrylic acid, chemical indicator Methotrexate, hydrogel-based delivery systems Methyl cellulose, dielectric properties Links 378 1056 700 690 190 191 190 191 387 691 195 82 740 432 480 118 186 645 672 266 265 271 353 71 233 1019 216 567 647 246 567 559 605 602 614 175 497 368 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1191 Index Terms Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) detection with surface acoustic wave sensors Methyl methacrylate, chemical indicator Methyl red Michelson interferometer Microactuators Microbalances, surface acoustic wave sensors Microbend fiber-optic sensor Microcomputers macroworld/microworld association in smart monitoring systems for vibrational analysis Microdevices micromachining and fabrication smart shape-memory alloy Microelectromechanical systems shape-memory alloy applications surface acoustic wave sensors as thin films for Microendoscope Microgrippers locally annealed Microlithography, Langmuir-Blodgett film applications Micromachining for microrobotics for microtube formation Micro/macro computational methods Micromagnetics Microphones, for ship noise control Microporous hydrogels Microrobotics, shape-memory alloys for Microstructure determination (of metals) noncontact ultrasound application ultrasound application Microsystems Microtaggant anticounterfeiting indicator devices Microtube check valve Microtube flow limiter Microtube flow restricter Microtube internal bearings Microtube pressure/flow regulator Microtube pressure sensor Microtubes applications devices based on surface tension and wettability Microtube shutter mechanism Links 913 175 175 724 935 725 726 503 292 1116 630 631 637 337 935 912 147 635 635 641 355 556 630 644 584 589 631 631 273 941 1103 491 620 644 644 699 691 644 701 705 706 708 912 416 151 638 642 180 656 656 656 665 657 658 644 648 654 663 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1192 Index Terms Migration studies Milk products, noncontact ultrasound examination Mineral oil, electrorheological fluid phase Minerals, triboluminescence Miner’s cumulative damage Miniaturization electronic packaging and microrobotics microtubes Miniaturized flow sensor Minirobotics Mini-to microgrippers Mission Adaptive Wing Mitek Homer Mammalok Mitek suture anchors Mitosis Modal domain optical fiber sensors Modeling See also Computational techniques adaptive composite systems shape memory alloys Modified Bridgman method, for giant magnetostrictive material manufacture Molded (tablet) underfills, flip-chip applications Mold release compounds, with flip-chips for underfills Molecular actuators Molecular complexity, and memory effects Molecular descriptions, of smart materials Molecularly-imprinted polymers applications for biosensors Molecularly imprinting Molecular mobility sensing frequency dependent electromagnetic sensing for Molecular recognition Molecular Sieve 3A/poly(dimethylsiloxane) electrorheological fluid Molecule-based magnets Monoamine oxidase Monoclonal antibodies, binding to Myoglobin, detection using porous silicon sensors Links 423 711 377 190 1127 582 438 620 644 345 636 635 45 931 931 221 723 16 964 508 446 444 285 266 268 667 672 109 667 459 471 366 595 100 130 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 1193 Index Terms Monomers See also Polymers polymerization in Langmuir-Blodgett films Monsoon regions, soil-ceramic applicability Monte Carlo methods neural network modeling of simulated polymer properties Moonie (piezoelectric actuator) Morphine triggered naltrexone delivery systems Morphing Program Morpho butterfly wings Morphotropic phase boundary Mosquitoes, ultrasonic pest control Mossybacked atopic dermatitis detecting with skin sensor Motion sensors pest control applications for ship health monitoring Motors, electric power industry Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems Multifunctional systems Multifunction integrated film Multimode graded index optical fibers Multimode stepped index optical fibers Multistep constant-amplitude controller, for vibration control Multiwire tension device shape-memory alloy application Myoglobin, binding to monoclonal antibodies, detection using porous silicon sensors Links 586 1014 273 686 1016 147 159 325 51 114 996 761 93 761 987 880 186 39 635 716 716 1089 934 130 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation ... to Random Vibration Miner''s Cumulative Damage for Estimating Fatigue Life Bibliography 11 15 11 15 11 15 11 15 11 15 11 16 11 16 11 17 11 17 11 17 11 18 11 19 11 19 11 20 11 21 1 12 2 11 23 11 23 11 27 11 28 11 29 ... Electrostrictive Materials Piezoelectric Composites Applications of Piezoelectric / Electrostrictive Ceramics Future Trends Bibliography 12 1 12 1 12 2 12 2 12 2 12 4 12 7 12 9 13 0 13 7 13 7 13 9 13 9 13 9 14 1 14 3 14 4 14 6... Selection and Application Design Prototype Fabrication and Laboratory Verification Production Tooling and Field Validation Summary Bibliography 11 29 11 29 11 29 11 30 11 30 11 31 113 1 11 32 11 32 11 33 11 33