Smithells SEmH EDITION EDITED BY EA BRANDES & GOBo B Smithells Metals Reference Book Smithells Metals Reference Book Seventh Edition Edited by E. A. Brandes CEng, BSc(Lond), ARCS, FIM and G. B. Brook DMet(She$), FEng, FIM UTTERWORTH EINEMANN Butterw orth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd -@A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI Fmt published 1949 Second edition 1955 Third edition 1962 Fourth edition 1967 Fifth edition 1976 Reprinted 1978 Sixth edition 1983 Seventh edition 1992 Paperback edition (with corrections) 1998, 1999 Q Reed Educational and Pmfessiond Publishing Ltd 1992 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd. 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England WlP 9HE. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for tl& book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Libmy of Congress ISBN 0 7506 3624 6 Printed and bound in Great Brihin by The Bath Press, Bath Contents Preface to the Seventh Edition Acknowledgements List of contributors xv xvi xvii 1 Related specifications 1.1 Related specifications Related specifications for steels Related specifications for aluminium alloys Related specifications for copper alloys Related specifications for magnesium alloys 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-7 1-8 1-9 2 Introductory tables 2- 1 2.1 Conversion factors 2-1 SI units - Conversion to and from SI units - Temperature conversions, IPTS-49 to IPTS-68 - Corrosion conversion factors - Sieve Nos to aperture size - Temperature scale conversions Algebra - Series and progressions - Trigonometry - Mensuration - Co- ordinate geometry - Calculus 2.2 Mathematical formulae 2-12 3 General physical and chemical constants 3-1 Atomic weights and atomic numbers - General physical constants - Moments of inertia - Periodic system Radioactive isotopes and radiation sources Positron emitters - Beta energies and half-lives - Gamma energies and half-lives - Nuclides for alpha, beta, gamma and neutron sources 3.1 3-5 4 X-ray analysis of metallic materials 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Excitation of X-rays X-ray wavelengths 4.3 X-ray techniques X-ray diffraction - Specific applications - Crystal geometry 4.4 X-ray results Metal working - Crystal structure - Atomic and ionic radii V 4-1 4-1 4-1 4-1 1 4-36 vi Contents 4.5 X-ray fluorescence 4.6 Radiation screening Definitions - Concrete screening - Lead screening 442 444 5 Crystallography 5- 1 5.1 The structure of crystals 5-1 5.2 The Schoenflies system of point- and space-groups notation 5-3 5.3 The Hermann-Mauguin system of point- and space-group notation 5-3 Translation groups - Symmetry elements - The point group - The space group Notes on the space-group tables 6 Crystal chemistry 6.1 6.2 Structural details Structures of metals, metalloids and their compounds 6-1 6-1 6-36 7 Metallurgically important minerals 7-1 7.1 Ore grades and sources 7-2 8 Thermochemical data 8-1 8.1 Symbols 8-1 8.2 Changes of phase 8-1 Elements - Intermetallic compounds - Metallurgically important compounds Elements - Intermetallic compounds - Selenides and tellurides - Intermetallic phases Liquid binary metallic systems Borides - Carbides - Nitrides - Silicides - Oxides - Sulphides - Halides - Silicates and carbonates - Compound (double) oxides - Phosphides - Phosphides dissociation pressures - Sulphides dissociation pressures Elements - Alloy phases and intermetallic compounds - Borides - Carbides - Nitrides - Silicides - Oxides - Sulphides, selenides and tellurides - Halides Elements - Halides, oxides 8.3 Heat, entropy and free energy of formation 8-8 8.4 Metallic systems of unlimited mutual solubility 8-16 8.5 Metallurgically important compounds 8-21 8.6 Molar heat capacities and specific heats 8-41 8.7 Vapour pressures 8-54 9 Physical properties of molten salts 9-1 9.1 Density of pure molten salts 9-1 9.2 Densities of molten salt systems 9-7 9.3 9-19 9.5 Electrical conductivity of molten salt systems 9-28 Density of some solid inorganic compounds at room temperature 9.4 Electrical conductivity of pure molten salts 9-20 Contents vii 9.6 Surface tension of pure molten salts 9.7 Surface tension of binary molten salt systems 9.8 Viscosity of pure molten salts 9.9 Viscosity of molten binary salt systems 942 945 9-5 1 9-52 10 Metallography 10-1 10.1 Macroscopic examination 10-1 10.2 Microscopic examination 10-1 Etching reagents for macroscopic examination - Plastic for mounting - Attack polishing - Electrolytic polishing solutions - Reagents for chemical polishing - Etching - Colour etching - Etching for dislocations Aluminium - Antimony and bismuth - Beryllium - Cadmium - Chromium - Cobalt - Copper - Gold - Indium - Iron and steel - Cast iron - Lead - Magnesium - Molybdenum - Nickel - Niobium - Platinum group metals - Silicon - Silver - Tantalum - Tin - Titanium - Tungsten - Uranium - Zinc - Zirconium - Bearing metals - Cemented carbides and other hard alloys - Powdered and sintered metals Transmission electron microscopy - Extraction - Replica techniques for industrial alloys - Thin foil techniques for industrial alloys - Scanning electron microscopy - Electron spectroscopy 10.3 Metallographic methods for specific metals 10-22 10.4 Electron metallography 1M2 10.5 Quantitative image analysis 1M9 10.6 Scanning acoustic microscopy 10-70 11 Equilibrium diagrams 11-1 1 1.1 1 1.2 Equilibrium diagrams 11.3 Acknowledgements 11.4 Ternary and higher systems Index of binary diagrams Binary systems 11-1 11-7 11486 11496 12 Gas-metal systems 12-1 12.1 The solution of gases in metals 12-1 Dilute solutions of diatomic gases - Complex @-metal systems - Solutions of hydrogen - Solutions of nitrogen - Solutions of oxygen - Solutions of the noble gases - Theoretical and practical aspects of gas- metal equilibria 13 Diffusion in metals 13-1 13.1 Introduction 13-1 13.2 Methods of measuring D 13-4 Steady-state methods - Non-steady-state methods - Indirect methods, not based on Fick’s laws 13.3 Mechanisms of diffusion 13-7 Selfdiffusion in solid elements - Tracer impurity diffusion coefficients - Diflusion in homogeneous alloys 13.4 Chemical diffusion coefficient measurements 13-70 viii Contents 13.5 Grain boundary self-dimusion 13.6 Self-diffusion in liquid metals 13-116 13-118 14 General physical properties 14-1 14.1 The physical properties of pure metals Physical properties of pure metals at normal temperatures - Physical properties of pure metals at elevated temperatures 14.2 The physical properties of liquid metals Density - Surface tension - Viscosity - Specific heat, thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity Aluminium alloys at normal temperatures 14.3 The physical properties of aluminium and aluminium alloys 14.4 The physical properties of copper and copper alloys 14.5 The physical properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys 14.6 The physical properties of nickel and nickel alloys 14.7 The physical properties of titanium and titanium alloys 14.8 The physical properties of zinc and zinc alloys 14.9 The physical properties of zirconium alloys 14.10 The physical properties of pure tin 14.11 The physical properties of steels Normal and elevated temperatures - Low temperature properties of steels 14-1 14-45 14-14 14-16 14-19 1422 14-25 14-26 1426 14-26 14-27 15 Elastic properties, damping capacity and shape memory alloys 15-1 15.1 Elastic properties 15-1 Elastic constants of polycrystalline metals - Young's modulus - Rigidity modulus - Bulk modulus - Poisson's ratio - Elastic compliances and elastic stiffnesses of single crystals - Room temperature - Cubic systems - Hexagonal systems - Trigonal systems - Tetragonal systems - Orthorhombic systems Specific damping capacity of commercial alloys - Anelastic damping Mechanical properties of shape memory alloys - Compositions and transformation temperatures - Titanium-nickel shape memory alloy properties 15.2 Damping capacity 154 15.3 Shape memory alloys 15-36 16 Temperature measurement and thermoelectric properties 161 16.1 Temperature measurement 161 16.2 Thermocoude reference tables 16-4 Fixed points of ITS90 - Thermal electromotive force of elements and some binary alloys - Absolute thermoelectric power 17 Radiating properties of metals 17-1 Total and spectra emissivity - Temperature measurement and emissivity - Emissivity values, spectral and total - Emissivity of oxidized metals Contents ix 18 Electron emission 18-1 18.1 Thermionic emission 18-1 Elements - Adsorbed layers - Refractory metal compounds - Practical cathodes Photoelectric work functions - Emitting surfaces Emission coefficients - Oxidized alloys - Photocells - Insulating metal compounds 18.2 Photoelectric emission 18-4 18.3 Secondary emission 18-5 18.4 Auger emission 18-7 18.5 Electron emission under positive ion bombardment 18-8 18.6 Field emission 18-9 19 Electrical properties 19-1 19.1 Resistivity 19-1 19.2 Superconductivity 19-7 Pure metals - Alloys - Specific copper alloys - EC aluminium Transition temperatures and critical fields of elements - Superconducting compounds 20 Magnetic materials and their properties 20.1 Magnetic materials 20.2 Permanent magnetic materials Steels - cast irons - Alnico alloys - Ferrites - Rare earths and cobalt alloys - Neodymiun iron boron - Bonded materials Silicon iron alloys - Ferrites - Garnets - Nickel iron alloys - Amorphous alloy materials 20.3 Magnetically soft materials 20.4 High saturation and constant permeability alloys 20.5 Magnetic powder core materials 20.6 Magnetic temperature compensating materials 20.7 Non magnetic steels and cast irons - Units and definitions 20-1 20-1 2&2 20-9 20-1 7 20-17 20-17 20-18 21 Mechanical testing 21-1 21.1 Hardness testing 21-1 Brinell - Rockwell - Rockwell superficial hardness - Vickers - Micro- hardness - Hardness conversion tables Test piece dimensions - standards 21.2 Tensile testing 21-8 21.3 Impact testing of notched bars 21-10 Izod - Charpy 21-10 21.4 Plane strain fracture toughness testing 21-12 Test pieces - Calculation and interpretation of results - Plane stress COD - Recording test results [...]... steels (except tool steels) K Miscellaneous steels and ferrous alloys L Low melting metals and alloys NI Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys N Nickel and nickel alloys P Precious metals and alloys R Reactive and refractory metals and alloys S Heat and corrosion resistant (stainless) steels T Tool steels W Welding filler metals A C gelated specifications for steels are given for seven countries in... Cutting Drilling and engraving Welding Transformation hardening Surface cladding and alloying Safety Bibliography 29-1 29-1 29-5 29-7 29-17 29-17 29-20 29-21 29-23 30-1 30-1 30-1 304 30-7 3&9 30-10 30-12 30-13 30-13 3&1 4 - 31 Guide to corrosion control 31.1 Introduction T p s - Environments - Accelerating factors ye 31.2 Bimetallic corrosion 31.3 Crevice corrosion 31.4 Corrosion/erosion resistant materials... should be consulted For more detail the references in some cases give more information Unified number designations-UNS are five-digit numbers prefixed by a letter that characterizes the alloy system as shown below UNS Letter Designation' Aluminium and aluminium alloys Copper and copper alloys u Specified mechanical properties steels E Rare earth and rare earth like metals and alloys F Cast irons and cast... 22.9 Tin and its alloys 22.10 Steels Mechanical properties forged and rolled room temperature - Micro alloyed - Hot tensile - Fatigue - Creep - Sub zero - Tool steels 22.11 Other metals of industrial importance 22.12 Bearing metals 23 Sintered materials 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.8 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 23.14 23.15 23.16 22.17 The PM process The products Manufacture and properties of powders... 45920 (1,0727) - 1957 - _ - 1973 - W Germany France AFNOR USSR (WkNo.) Japan JIS Swe&n G405I45 SIS DIN - - - - - 32C4 38C4 38Cr2 (1.7033/5) SCr2 142245 100c6 100Cr2 (1.3505) SCr5 1422 58 USSR GOST 1050-60 40N3 5160 1050-60 40N3 53011140 5130/2/5 (18 %A-D) 5140 535.499 (31) France AFNOR E52100 18MD4.05 605M30/36 4032/7 (16 & 16D) (G40320/70) Water hardening -_ 3140 64OM4O (111) 30KHRA 35KHA 40KH KH SHKHl5iR... 3.5194 - - 3.5912 E-151M E-121M AZ61A-F AZSOA 4350H GA6Z1 4360D MG-P-43 MG-P-63 W.3510 MGP-61 W.3515 3.5612 3.5812 S-1110 4375F GA2Z1 MGP-62 W.3504 3.5312 AZ31B-0 - 1-10 Related spec$cations REFERENCES 1 ASTM, ‘Numbering Metals and Alloys’, E527-83 2 ‘Iron and SteeI Specifications’, British Steel plc, 1989 3 ‘Stahlschliissel’, Verlag Stahlschliissel Wegst GmbH, Marbach, W.Germany, 1986 4 ‘Fulmer Materials... Manchester Institute of Science and Technology The Editors and Publishers thank all those who have authorized the reproduction of diagrams and tables and in particular the following: American Society for Metals, Cleveland, Ohio American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa British Standards Institute, London Institute of Gas Engineers, London Genium Publications C o p , N.Y International Atomic... BSc(Lond), MSc(Eng), PhD, FWeldI A M Gothrie, CEng, BSc(Wales), MIM B H Haasoo, BSc(Lond) B A Hatt, MSc(Lond) D Inman, CEng, BSc(Lond), PhD, DSc, DHonsCausa, MIMM, FRSC R 0 J d m , ARCS, DIC, PhD, FInstP J F J&g, CEng, BSc, MIM A D Leclaire, BA(Cantab), FInstP J H Megaw, BSc(Qub), PhD, MInstP M A Moore, CEng, BSc(Met) (Wales), PhD A Page, BSc, PhD(Lond), DIC T J Quino, BSc, DPhil, MInstP R A Sbelton, CEng,... components Mechanical properties of sintered components Heat treatment of sintered steels Case hardening of sintered steels Steam treatments Wrought PM materials Spray forming Injection moulding Hard metals 24 Lubricants 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Friction, wear and boundary lubrication 24.3 Characteristics of lubricating oils Viscosity - Boundary lubrication - Chemical stability - Physical properties...x Contents 22 Mechanical properties of metals and alloys 22.1 Aluminium and aluminium alloys Alloy and temper designation system - Mechanical properties at room, elevated and low temperatures - Creep and fatigue 22.2 Copper and copper alloys . Smithells SEmH EDITION EDITED BY EA BRANDES & GOBo B Smithells Metals Reference Book Smithells Metals Reference Book Seventh Edition Edited by E. A. Brandes CEng, BSc(Lond),. publication should be addressed to the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for tl& book is available from the British Library Library. Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Libmy of Congress ISBN 0 7506 3624 6 Printed and bound in Great Brihin by The Bath Press, Bath Contents