RF Cafe - Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊ General Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊ These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confident that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site. Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty. ● Area ● ASCII Characters ● Bolts, Nuts & Washers - Metric ● Bolts, Nuts & Washers - SAE ● Carnot Cycle ● Coefficient of Expansion ● Density Conversions ● Drill Sizes - Lettered ● Drill Sizes - Numbered ● Electrochemical Potentials ● Force ● Galvanic Series ● General Constants ● General Units ● Greek Alphabet ● IC Heat Transfer ● IC Lifetime Acceleration ● Laws of Motion ● Laws Of Thermodynamics ● Length Conversions ● Mass Conversions ● Materials Properties ● Mechanical Constants ● Mechanical Units ● Periodic Table ● Phonetic Alphabet ● Pressure Conversions ● Psychometric Chart ● P-T Diagram ● Relativity ● Solar System ● Sound Levels ● Sound Power ● Speed Conversions ● Tap & Drill - Metric ● Tap & Drill - SAE ● Temperature Conversions ● Thermal Conductivity ● Time Conversions ● Torx Heads ● Thermal Conductivity ● Ultrasonic Frequency Chart ● Visible Light ● Volume Conversions ● Work-Energy-Heat Conversions ● World Time Zone Map Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general.htm [4/1/02 12:29:47 AM] RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊ Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊ These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confident that this is the most comprehensive and diverse presentation of topics on a single web site. Note: "#" indicates that an interactive calculator is on the Electrical Calculations page. Click here for a link to NIST's Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty. ● A/D Converter Parameters ● ABCD, S, H, Y, Z Parameters ● AC Voltage & Frequency Worldwide Standards ● Amplitude Modulation ● Atmospheric Absorption ● Atmospheric Refraction ● Antenna Basics ● Antenna Radiation Patterns ● Attenuators (Fixed)# ● Ball Grid Array (BGA) Counter ● Batteries ● Battery Outlines ● Bessel Function Plots ● Bit Error Rate ● Boolean Algebra ● Capacitance ● Capacitance Conversions ● Cascade Budget Calculation# ● Charge Conversions ● Circulators ● Coaxial Cable Chart ● Coaxial Cable Equations ● Coaxial Connectors ● Coaxial Connector Torque Specs ● Color Codes ● Communications Standards ● Compression Point, 1 dB ● Conductors @ High Frequencies ● Copper Facts ● Current Conversions ● Damped Responses ● Data Bus Specifications ● Delta-Wye ● Detectors ● Dielectric Constants & Strengths ● Diplexers ● Directional Couplers ● Filters# ● Flip Flop Tables ● Fourier Series of Periodic Signals ● Frequency Bands ● Frequency Modulation ● Fuse Specs ● Fuse Package Outline ● GPIB / HPIB / IEEE- 488 ● GSM Timeslot & Frequency Specs ● History of Communications ● History of 50 Ω ● Impedance Matching ● Inductance# ● Inductance Conversions ● Intercept Points, 2-Tone 2nd-Order ● Intercept Points, 2-Tone 3rd-Order ● Isolators ● Karnaugh Maps ● Kirchhoff's Law ● Link Budget ● Lightning ● Magnetic Field Conversions ● Magnetic Flux Conversions ● Maxwell's Equations ● Microstrip ● MIL-STD-1553 & 1773 Bus ● Morse Code ● Noise Figure ● Noise Power ● Norton Equivalent ● Ohm's Law ● Op Amps ● Radar Cross Section (RCS) ● Radar Equation ● Radar Horizon/Line of Sight ● Resistance Conversions ● Resistor Markings: MIL-PRF-55342 ● Resistor Markings: Std ● Resistor Values ● RLC Combinations ● RMS & Average Power & Voltage ● Serial Port Pinout ● S, H, Y, Z, ABCD Parameters ● Signal-to-Noise Ratio ● Skin Depth ● SMD Package Markings ● Smith Chart ● Solder ● Spectral Inversion ● Spurious-Free Dynamic Range ● Spurious Calculations ● TEMPEST ● Thévénin Equivalent ● Toroid Cores ● Transmission Lines ● Triboelectric Series ● USB Specifications ● WAP ● Waveguide ● Wire ● Wireless Communication Specs ● Wireless Coverage Maps ● Wireless Data Rate Standards ● WLAN Specs ● VSWR Mismatch Error# ● VSWR Reduction By Attenuation# ● VSWR / Return Loss / Gamma# http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM] RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References ● Dividers/Combiners ● Doppler Frequency Shift ● DTMF Tones ● EIRP ● Electrical Constants ● Electrical Units ● Electric Fields ● Electrocution of Human Body ● Field Intensity ● ESD ● Op Noise Figure ● Package Outlines ● Parallel Port Pinout ● PCS Web Site ● PIM - Passive Intermodulation ● Path Loss ● Potential ● Power Density ● Power Factor ● Power & Voltage in 50 Ω System ● Propagation Time ● Pulse Definition Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 3:53:57 AM] RF Cafe - Calculator Spreadsheets ◊◊ Calculator Spreadsheets ◊◊ Thanks to MS Office Web Components and the advent of XML, including these interactive spreadsheet components is possible, for about the same amount of work as generating an Excel spreadsheet. Click on the following links for access. ● Electrical Calculations ❍ Attenuators ("T" and Pi) ❍ Cascaded Components ❍ Cavity Resonant Frequency ❍ Noise Conversions ❍ Voltage Divider ❍ VSWR - RL - Gamma(Γ) ● Filters ❍ Lowpass Butterworth ❍ Lowpass Chebychev ❍ Highpass Butterworth ❍ Highpass Chebychev ❍ Bandpass Butterworth ❍ Bandpass Chebychev ❍ Bandstop Butterworth ❍ Bandstop Chebychev NOTE: You must have either FrontPage 2002 or Excel 2002 installed (from MS Office XP) or these spreadsheets will be only static and not interactive. You can purchase an Excel 2002 upgrade for about $100 here. Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com/references/_spreadsheets/calculator_list.htm [4/1/02 3:54:57 AM] RF Cafe - Mathematical References ◊◊ Mathematical References ◊◊ Here are some of the most often need mathematical entities, all in one convenient place. ● Averages ● Bessel Functions ● Coordinate Systems ● Derivatives, Basic ● Deviations ● Differentiation Rules ● Exponents ● Fourier Series ● Fourier Transform Pairs ● Fourier Series Properties ● Imaginary Numbers ● Integrals, Basic ● Integrals, Inverse Trig ● Integrals, Natural Log ● Integrals, Square Root ● Integrals, Trigonometric ● LaPlace Transform Pairs ● LaPlace Transform Properties ● Logarithms ● Matrix Algebra ● Matrix Definitions ● Numerical Prefixes ● Partial Fractions ● Permutations & Combinations ● Phi (φ) - the Golden Number ● Plane Angle ● Series Expansions ● Summations ● Trig Identities ● Trig Identities, Inverse ● Trig Identities, Hyperbolic ● Trig Identities, Inv Hyperbolic ● Trigonometry Laws ● Uncertainties ● Vector, Curl ● Vector, Divergence ● Vector, Gradient ● z-Transform Properties Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com/references/mathematical.htm [4/1/02 3:59:00 AM] RF Cafe - Area Conversion ◊◊ AREA CONVERSIONS ◊◊ Standard units = Square centimeter (cm 2 ). square in square ft square cm square m circular mil 1 in 2 = 1 6.944 · 10 -3 6.452 6.452 · 10 -4 1.273 · 10 6 1 ft 2 = 144 1 929.0 9.290 · 10 -2 1.833 · 10 8 1 cm 2 = 0.1550 1.076 · 10 -3 1 10 -4 1.974 · 10 5 1 m 2 = 1550 10.76 10 4 1 1.974 · 10 9 1 cir mil = 7.854 · 10 -7 5.454 · 10 -3 5.067 · 10 -6 5.067 · 10 -10 1 Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/area.htm [4/1/02 12:30:31 AM] RF Cafe - ASCII Character Set ◊◊ ASCII CHARACTER SET ◊◊ 33 ! 34 " 35 # 36 $ 37 38 & 39 ' 40 ( 41 ) 42 * 43 + 44 , 45 - 46 . 47 / 48 0 49 1 50 2 51 3 52 4 53 5 54 6 55 7 56 8 57 9 58 : 59 ; 60 < 61 = 62 > 63 ? 64 @ 65 A 66 B 67 C 68 D 69 E 70 F 71 G 72 H 73 I 74 J 75 K 76 L 77 M 78 N 79 O 80 P 81 Q 82 R 83 S 84 T 85 U 86 V 87 W 88 X 89 Y 90 Z 91 [ 92 93 ] 94 ^ 95 _ 96 ` 97 a 98 b 99 c 100 d 101 e 102 f 103 g 104 h 105 i 106 j 107 k 108 l 109 m 110 n 111 o 112 p 113 q 114 r 115 s 116 t 117 u 118 v 119 w 120 x 121 y 122 z 123 { 124 | 125 } 126 ~ 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/ascii.htm [4/1/02 12:37:35 AM] RF Cafe - Metric Nuts & Bolts ◊◊ Metric Bolts, Nuts & Washers ◊◊ Size Tap Drill (mm) Clearance Drill (mm) Counter Bore (mm) Nut Points (mm) Nut Flats (mm) Washer I.D. (mm) Washer O.D. (mm) M1 0.75 1.10 0.30 2.08 1.8 1.0 2.0 M1.6 1.25 1.85 0.35 3.70 3.2 1.7 3.4 M2 1.60 2.40 0.40 4.62 4.0 2.2 4.5 M2.5 2.05 3.10 0.45 5.77 5.0 2.7 5.5 M3 2.50 3.75 0.50 6.35 5.5 3.2 6.0 M3.5 2.90 4.30 0.60 6.93 6.0 4.0 7.8 M4 3.30 4.90 0.70 8.08 7.0 4.3 8.0 M5 4.20 6.30 0.80 9.24 8.0 5.3 10 M6 5.00 7.50 1.0 11.5 10 6.4 11 M8 6.75 10.0 1.25 15.0 13 8.4 15 M10 8.50 12.5 1.50 17.3 15 11.5 21 1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference. 2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts. 3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts. Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_metric.htm [4/1/02 12:39:34 AM] RF Cafe - SAE Bolts ◊◊ SAE Bolts, Nuts & Washers ◊◊ Size & Threads/lnch Series Designation Tap Drill Clearance Drill Counter Bore Nut Points Nut Flats Washer I.D. Washer O.D. 0-80 UNF 0.046 0.070 1/8 0.180 0.156 0.078 0.187 1-64 UNC 0.059 0.089 5/32 0.180 0.156 0.099 0.250 1-72 UNF 2-56 UNC 0.070 0.104 3/16 0.217 0.187 0.099 0.250 2-64 UNF 3-48 UNC 0.078 0.120 3/16 0.217 0.187 0.105 0.250 3-56 UNF 4-40 UNC 0.089 0.136 7/32 0.289 0.250 0.125 0.312 4-48 UNF 5-40 UNC 5-44 UNF 6-32 UNC 0.106 0.161 9/32 0.361 0.312 0.149 0.375 6-40 UNF 8-32 UNC 0.136 0.189 5/16 0.397 0.343 0.174 0.375 8-36 UNF 10-24 UNC 0.149 0.213 11/32 0.433 0.375 0.203 0.437 10-32 UNF 12-24 UNC 12-28 UNF 1/4-20 UNC 0.201 0.281 7/16 0.505 0.437 0.265 0.500 1/4-28 UNF 5/16-18 UNC 5/16-24 UNF 3/8-16 UNC 3/8-24 UNF 7/16-14 UNC 7/16-20 UNF 1/2-13 UNC 1/2-20 UNF 9/16-12 UNC 9/16-18 5/8-11 5/8-18 3/4-10 3/4-16 UNF UNC UNF UNC UNF http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_sae.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 12:40:15 AM] RF Cafe - SAE Bolts 7/8-9 7/8-14 1-8 1-12 1-14 UNC UNF UNC UNF UN 11/8-7 11/8-8 11/8-12 11/4-7 1114-8 UNC UN UNF UNC UN 11/4-12 1 3/8-6 1 3/8-8 1 3/8-12 11/2-6 UNF UNC UN UNF UNC 1 1/2-8 1 1/2-12 1 5/8-8 1 3/4-5 1 3/4-8 UN UNC UN UNC UN 1 7/8-8 2-4 1/2 2-8 2 1/4-4.5 2 1/4-8 UN UNC UN UNC UN 2 1/2-4 2 1/2-8 2 3/4-4 2 3/4-8 3-4 UNC UN UNC UN UNC 3-8 3 1/4-4 3 1/4-8 3 1/2-4 3 1/2-8 UN UNC UN UNC UN 3 3/4-4 3 3/4-8 4-4 4-8 UNC UN UNC UN 1) See Drill Sizes page for cross reference. 2) Nut Points is the distance between opposite corners of hex nuts. 3) Nut Flats is the distance between opposite sides of hex nuts. Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com/references/general/bolts_nuts_washers_sae.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:40:15 AM] [...]... ∆Hfus 79.71 cal/g Water heat of vaporization @ 0ºC ∆Hvap 539.55 cal/g 43 560 ft2 Acre Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general /mechanical_ contants.htm [4/1/02 2:39:05 AM] RF Cafe - Mechanical Units MECHANICAL UNITS Name Base Unit Symbol Length meter m Area square meter m2 Volume cubic mete m3 Mass kilogram kg Density kilogram/cubic... Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general/life_acceleration_ic.htm [4/1/02 2:28:55 AM] RF Cafe - Laws of Motion LAWS OF MOTION Translational motion with constant acceleration in the x-plane Rotational motion with constant acceleration in the θ-plane Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general/law_of_motion.htm... Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general/mass.htm [4/1/02 2:38:06 AM] kilogram 2.835 * 10-2 0.4536 907.2 0.001 1 14.59 slug 1.942 * 10-3 3.108 * 10-2 62.16 1.660 * 10-27 1.137 * 10-28 6.852 * 10-5 6.852 * 10-2 1 u* 1.708 * 1025 2.732 * 1026 5.465 * 1029 6.024 * 1023 6.024 * 1026 8.789 * 1027 1 RF Cafe - Mechanical Constants MECHANICAL CONSTANTS... Ω ω Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general/greek_alphabet.htm [4/1/02 1:20:29 AM] RF Cafe - Heat Transfer of an Integrated Circuit ◊◊ HEAT TRANSFER OF AN INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ◊◊ Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general/heat_xfer_ic.htm [4/1/02... Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general /mechanical_ units.htm [4/1/02 2:40:03 AM] RF Cafe - Periodic Table of the Elements ◊◊ Periodic Table of the Elements ◊◊ Legend Alkali metals Alkali earth metals Transition metals Lanthanide series Actinide series Other metals Nonmetals Noble gases WebElements - a great online source 1... caloric, or heat, as a form machine of the second of energy kind." In such a system, energy could then be continually drawn from a cold environment to do work in a hot environment at no cost Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general/thermodynamics.html [4/1/02 2:34:40 AM] Third Law The Third Law of thermodynamics states that absolute... Magnesium 1950 1620 1700 1610 1600 1520 1500 1380 1350 1285 1250 1180 1150 1110 1010 950 860 850 750 550 480 0 Zinc 940 Values obtained from 1997 Huber+Suhner "RF Connector Guide" Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general/electrochemical_potential.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 1:10:03 AM] RF Cafe - Force Conversion ◊◊ FORCE CONVERSIONS ◊◊... (1) Isothermal expansion of gas in cylinder as heat is (2) Heat source is removed and isolated Adiabatic added from source Piston moves from V1 to V2, expansion continues until volume V3 is reached, doing work on the system performing additional work, at temperature T2 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general/carnot_cycle.htm (1 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM] RF Cafe - Carnot Cycle (4) Heat source is removed... Process in which no heat is transferred into or out of a closed system Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general/carnot_cycle.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 12:43:55 AM] RF Cafe - Properties of Materials ◊◊ Materials Properties ◊◊ MatWeb Substance Melting Temperature (ºC) Alanx CG8963.32 Density (g/cm3) Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) Thermal... Titanium 13V, 11Cr 3Al (solution heat treated and aged) Titanium 75A AM350 (passive) Silver Gold Graphite RF Cafe - Galvanic Series Copyright, Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general/galvanic_series.htm (2 of 2) [4/1/02 1:14:24 AM] RF Cafe - General Constants ◊◊ GENERAL CONSTANTS ◊◊ * : Reduced Planck constant, = h/2π Name Symbol Value . Cafe - Mechanical Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊ General Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊ These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. . Acknowledgements, Disclaimer & Terms of Use Visitors since May 2000 http://www.rfcafe.com /references/ general.htm [4/1/02 12:29:47 AM] RF Cafe - Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊ Electrical Conversions,. & References ◊◊ Electrical Conversions, Formulas & References ◊◊ These pages present a great deal of data in the form of conversions, formulas and references. I am confident that this is