UNDERSTANDING HIV/AIDS MANAGEMENT AND CARE – PANDEMIC APPROACHES IN THE 21ST CENTURY Edited by Fyson Hanania Kasenga Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century Edited by Fyson Hanania Kasenga Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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First published November, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century, Edited by Fyson Hanania Kasenga p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-603-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Prevention of HIV/AIDS in General 1 Chapter 1 HIV Surveillance 3 Ali Mirzazadeh and Saharnaz Nedjat Chapter 2 Is It Possible to Implement AIDS‘ Prevention in Primary School? 13 Dominique Berger Chapter 3 Social Determinants of HIV Health Care: A Tale of Two Cities 33 Rupali Kotwal Doshi, Carlos del Rio and Vincent C. Marconi Chapter 4 The Role of the Private Sector in HIV and AIDS Interventions in Developing Countries: The Case of Lesotho 59 Zitha Mokomane and Mokhantšo Makoae Part 2 Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) 75 Chapter 5 Antenatal Screening and HIV-Pregnancy: Strategies for Treatment 77 Ali A. Al-Jabri, Abdullah A. Balkhair, Mohammed S. Al-Balosh and Sidgi S. Hasson Chapter 6 Effectiveness of the Regular Implementation of the Mother to Child Transmission Plus (MTCT-Plus) Program in Burkina Faso, West Africa 87 Fabio Buelli, Virginio Pietra, Richard Fabian Schumacher, Jacques Simpore, Salvatore Pignatelli, Francesco Castelli and the ESTHER-Brescia Study Group Chapter 7 Exosomes Decrease In Vitro Infectivity of HIV-1 Preparations: Implication for CD4+T Lymphocyte Depletion In Vivo 99 Subra Caroline, Burelout Chantal, Proulx Sophie, Simard Sébastien and Gilbert Caroline VI Contents Chapter 8 Nikavir in Chemoprevention Regimens of Vertical HIV Transmission 125 Elvira Ivanova, Nadezhda Shmagel and Natalia Vorobeva Part 3 Understanding Immunological Aspects of HIV in an Infected Person 149 Chapter 9 Natural Catalytic Antibodies in Norm and in HIV-Infected Patients 151 Georgy A. Nevinsky Chapter 10 RNAi-Based Gene Expression Strategies to Combat HIV 193 Fiona T. van den Berg and Marc S. Weinberg Chapter 11 Exponential Equilibria and Uniform Boundedness of HIV Infection Model 219 E. Castellanos-Velasco and J. Santos-Ferreira Part 4 Treatment, Care and Support of HIV/AIDS Patients 237 Chapter 12 Glycosphingolipids in HIV/AIDS: The Potential Therapeutic Application 239 Clifford A. Lingwood and Donald R. Branch Chapter 13 Drug-Drug Interactions as a Challenge in the Treatment of HIV/AIDS 281 Norah L. Katende-Kyenda Chapter 14 Clinical Relevance of Drug Interactions in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy 301 Pedro Amariles, Newar Giraldo Alzate and Maria Jose Faus Chapter 15 Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized HIV-Infected Patients in the HAART Era: An Epidemiological View 359 José António Lopes and Sofia Jorge Chapter 16 Exploring the Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for AIDS Treatment 367 Flávia Chiva Carvalho, Rubiana Mara Mainardes and Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião Preface This volume, dealing with various aspects of HIV/AIDS, is the outgrowth of a continuing need for controlling and reducing this pandemic. Scientific approaches have been used as basis for compiling this book. It should be understood that HIV/AIDS is a public health problem that goes beyond trans-cultural perspectives, which require multi-sectoral action the world has never seen. HIV/AIDS is associated with an individual’s choices in lifestyle, gender issues and socio-economic status, but sometimes occurs with no choice at all, especially for children born from women carrying HIV. Thanks to modern technology and scientific advances aimed at limiting the transmission of HIV from an infected mother to her baby, there has been noticeable success in the field. In some cases, certain chapters have covered materials beyond the comprehension or requirements of an ordinary reader. This is an opportunity that provides great sources of knowledge for those who seek to know and do more. Although antiretroviral treatment has been advocated in this book, the authors wish to draw the reader’s attention to the world of prevention and control as the main stay for dealing with this problem. Using empirical and multifaceted efforts, prevention and control measures can be implemented and yield expected outcomes. Like any other book on the subject in question, this book is not a substitute or exhausting the subject of HIV and AIDS. However, it aims at complementing what is already in circulation and adds value to the clarification of certain concepts to create more room for reasoning and being part of the problem solving for this global pandemic. It is further expected to complement a wide range of studies done on this subject and provides a platform for more up-to-date information on this subject. This book could be of great value should the readers translate its contents into practice and contribute to the quality of life of those living with HIV/AIDS, as well as prevent the masses from contracting HIV infection. Fyson H. Kasenga, MPH, PhD Director, Health Ministries Malawi Union of Seventh Day Adventist Church, Blantyre, Malawi [...]... valid with the analysis of the work done in the sub-groups of the study 26 Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century About 62% of the children have talked about AIDS in their families before the intervention, whatever their age, sex, or social origin In the second series, 76 % of them have talked about the subject with their families, either before the first... beneath 5, we kept the results given by Fisher’s test The analysis was only univariate The questions asked by the children were analysed using the method of 20 Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century the “analysis of content” (Bardin, 1993) We therefore put the answers together according to their semantic structure, and observed combined frequency indicators (... disease in adults and children 2007 8 Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century 4 Events which could be reported in HIV case reporting HIV case reporting, if developed / implemented properly, can provide the health authorities necessary information which are needed for better understanding of the HIV epidemic and monitoring the success of the programmes The reported... developed and send to the health facilities working in the district Level 3 – Center for Disease Control at the University: 10 Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century  Activities: every month, the responsible staff will compile the received data and then fill out an aggregated data reporting form to be sent to the Center for Disease Control of the Ministry... measure the impact of early preventive action on children’s representations The protocol was composed of two interventions in the course of the school 18 Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century year, one at the beginning and one at the end, at least six months later Between the two interventions, the regular teachers worked on health education with the pupils... approach These partners actively participated in the design of the study (questionnaire, interventions in the classrooms, relationship with the population) 3 Inclusion of all the classes at each school level investigated 16 Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century 4 5 6 Working with groups of children of adapted size (no more than 15) Separating children into... necessary, in order to attain this goal, to break away from the school environment and the behaviour it induces, especially in relation to writing So, in the instructions for the procedure, we stressed that neither spelling nor the quality of the writing were important What we were interested in was what the children thought, and in having them express their ideas in their own words The intent was... about the disease, (d) knowledge about modes of infection and protection, and (e) relationships with affected people (the analysis of the other parts of the questionnaire are not shown in this article) 22 Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century 3.5 Knowledge about AIDS The analysis of the first questionnaire (pre-test) indicated that more than 92% of the. .. 12 Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century [7] Guidelines for conducting HIV sentinel serosurveys among pregnant women and other groups Geneva, UNAIDS and WHO, 2003 [8] HIV surveillance in the Middle East and North Africa: a handbook for surveillance planners and implementers / World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Joint... re-situating them in a context, and bringing out the link between the illness, the people, forms of behaviour, and oneself 2.7 The children’s questions After children had filled in the questionnaire, they were invited to ask any questions they wanted to freely and anonymously, so that the educators could answer them in the second part of the session Another form had been prepared for this and annexed to the . UNDERSTANDING HIV/AIDS MANAGEMENT AND CARE – PANDEMIC APPROACHES IN THE 21ST CENTURY Edited by Fyson Hanania Kasenga Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care –. and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. 2007 Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st. Gradually, as their immune Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care – Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century 4 system weakens, they will experiences HIV-related clinical symptoms and illnesses.