APPLICATIONS OF EMG IN CLINICAL AND SPORTS MEDICINE Edited by Catriona Steele Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine Edited by Catriona Steele Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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DepositPhotos First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine, Edited by Catriona Steele p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-798-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Gait 1 Chapter 1 Evaluating the Electromyographical Signal During Symmetrical Load Lifting 3 Jefferson Fagundes Loss, Débora Cantergi, Fábia Milman Krumholz, Marcelo La Torre and Claudia Tarragô Candotti Chapter 2 EMG Analysis Methods on Robotic Gait Machines 19 Christopher Tomelleri, Andreas Waldner and Stefan Hesse Chapter 3 Electromyography in the Study of Muscle Reactions to Vibration Treatment 35 Antonio Fratini, Mario Cesarelli, Antonio La Gatta, Maria Romano and Paolo Bifulco Part 2 Posture, Prevention of Falls and Robotics 51 Chapter 4 The Role of Electromyography (EMG) in the Study of Anticipatory Postural Adjustments 53 William P. Berg and Adam J. Strang Chapter 5 Application of Surface Electromyographic Signals to Control Exoskeleton Robots 69 R. A. R. C. Gopura and Kazuo Kiguchi Chapter 6 Trunk Muscle Activity Affects the Level of Performance in Human Body 95 Satoru Kai Chapter 7 EMG in People with Different Heel Height Condition 109 Xiaoxiang Su and Yaodong Gu VI Contents Chapter 8 Muscle Activation Patterns During Level Walking and Stair Ambulation 117 Maria Grazia Benedetti, Valentina Agostini, Marco Knaflitz and Paolo Bonato Part 3 Back Care 131 Chapter 9 Experimentation and Structural Modeling of Stimulus-Evoked Electromyography in Muscles During Electrically-Elicited Fatigue Process 133 Shao-Hsia Chang and Nan-Ying Yu Chapter 10 Assessment of Low Back Muscle by Surface EMG 151 Adalgiso Coscrato Cardozo and Mauro Gonçalves Chapter 11 EMG Analysis of a Pilates Exercise 165 Jefferson Fagundes Loss, Mônica de Oliveira Melo, Débora Cantergi, Yumie Okuyama da Silva, Artur Bonezi and Aline Nogueira Haas Chapter 12 Electromyography Monitoring for Complete and Incomplete Transections of the Spinal Cord in Humans Who Received a Cell Therapy Combined with LASERPONCTURE ® or LASERPONCTURE ® Only: Methodology, Analysis, and Results 181 Albert Bohbot Part 4 Sports Medicine 199 Chapter 13 EMG Applications in Studies of Arts 201 Gongbing Shan and Peter Visentin Chapter 14 Surface Electromyography During Both Standing and Walking in m. Ulnaris lateralis of Diversely Trained Horses 209 Miss Kiara K. Salomons, Aziz Tnibar and Adrian P. Harrison Chapter 15 Arthroscopic Treatment of Suprascapular Nerve Neuropathy 225 Dipit Sahu, Robert Fullick and Laurent Lafosse Part 5 Gynecology/Urology 241 Chapter 16 An Uterine Electromyographic Activity as a Measure of Labor Progression 243 Jerneja Vrhovec and Alenka Maček Lebar Contents VII Chapter 17 The Role of Pelvic and Perineal Muscles in Reproductive and Excretory Functions 269 Margarita Martínez-Gómez, Dora Luz Corona-Quintanilla, Yolanda Cruz-Gómez, René Zempoalteca, Jorge Rodríguez-Antolín and Francisco Castelán Chapter 18 Electromyography Usefulness in Diagnosis of Functional Status of Pelvic Floor Muscles in Women with Urinary Incontinence 289 M.F. Lorenzo-Gomez, B. Padilla-Fernandez, F.J. Garcia-Criado, A. Gomez-Garcia, J.A. Mirón-Canelo, A. Geanini-Yagüez and J.M. Silva-Abuin Part 6 Orofacial Function (Includes Dysphagia) 309 Chapter 19 Electromyography as a Biofeedback Tool for Rehabilitating Swallowing Muscle Function 311 Catriona M. Steele, Janice W. Bennett, Sarah Chapman-Jay, Rebecca Cliffe Polacco, Sonja M. Molfenter and Mohamed Oshalla Chapter 20 Relating Surface Electromyograms of the Facial Muscles During Mastication to the Mechanical and Sensory Properties of Foodstuffs 329 E. Katherine Kemsley and Marianne Defernez Chapter 21 Electromyography and Facial Paralysis 359 Fernanda Chiarion Sassi, Paula Nunes Toledo, Laura Davison Mangilli and Claudia Regina Furquim de Andrade Chapter 22 Movement-Related Cortical Potentials Associated with Oral and Facial Functions in Humans 375 Nakajima Ichiro, Oka Schunichi, Ohba Hiroiku and Yoshida Masafumi Preface This is the second of two books on Electromyography (EMG). In the first book, chapters are focused on the basic principles of using and analyzing EMG signals. This second book addresses the application of EMG in several different clinical contexts, divided into sections on gait, posture and falls prevention, back care, sports medicine, gynecology/urology, and orofacial function, including swallowing. The first section includes three chapters that deal with surface electromyography and gait and lower limb function. The first chapter is by Fagundes Loss and covers EMG analysis of Pilates Exercise. This chapter unites information from three studies on muscular activation during hip flexion-extension exercise performed in the Cadillac position, including two studies already published about the use of agonist/antagonist muscle groups and trunk stabilizer muscles during the exercise. The second chapter, by Tomelleri, describes EMG analysis methods on robotic gait machines. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce, explain, and compare the methods of different EMG analyses carried out on different robotic gait machines. An understanding of the biomechanical interaction between robotic gait machines and patients during locomotor training on the device is relevant to ensure correct interaction forces applied to the patients' joints and the correct activation of their muscles. The section ends with a chapter by Fratini, who discusses the use and efficacy of surface electromyography to measure muscle response to vibration treatments. A review of the characteristics and analysis of vibration in sEMG recordings is provided, with examples for the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis (VM) muscles. The authors discuss precautions to be taken in measurements where vibration is present and describe how the two technologies can be used together with recommendations for appropriate procedures to limit artifact. They discuss both locally-applied whole body extended vibration, with consideration of different methods (alternating rotation and vertical oscillation), and resulting parameters of importance (magnitude of vibration and acceleration). The second section includes five chapters dealing with posture and the prevention of falls, and the extension of the use of EMG with robotics. The section starts with a chapter by Berg on the role of electromyography (EMG) in the study of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs). These APAs are feed-forward mechanisms initiated by the central nervous system (CNS) in response to expected postural disturbances, and they produce pre-emptive muscle responses to help maintain stability. The second X Preface chapter is by Gopura, and it covers the application of surface electromyographic signals to control an upper-limb exoskeleton robot. There is a brief review of signal processing with a useful table to define activated muscles for upper-limb motions. The methods used to apply surface EMG signals for robotic control are also explained. This is followed by a contribution from Kai on trunk muscle activity and its impact on performance level in the context of falls prevention. This chapter examines how excellent body performance levels can be attained by activating trunk muscle activity in seniors at risk for falls. The next chapter by Su and Gu deals with SEMG in people with different heel height conditions. The objective of this chapter was to provide information about surface electromyography (SEMG) activity patterns in lower limb muscles during human locomotion. SEMG signals from the tibialis anterior, medial and lateral gastrocnemius, soleus and biceps femoris muscles were acquired from ten professional female dancers who wore shoes with different heel heights, thereby illustrating the physiological impact of shoes on leg function. Finally, the chapter by Benedetti deals with muscle activation patterns during level walking and stair ambulation. The evaluation of the “on-off” pattern of one or more muscles, particularly when examined together with kinematics (joint angles) and kinetics (joint moments and powers), provides an insight into the performance of muscles and their role in accomplishing a motor task. The third section includes four chapters that deal with surface electromyography and back care. It starts with a chapter by Chang, discussing the use of EMG for electrophysiological monitoring of fatigue in paralyzed muscles during functional electrical stimulation (FES) treatments in patients with spinal cord injury. Cardozo and colleagues then discuss the assessment of low back muscle function using surface EMG. A global understanding of the parameters that can be used to assess the lower back muscle is presented, with examples showing that EMG can be a reliable tool for evaluating muscle fatigue. The authors review low back muscle fatigue during isometric contractions and look at EMG spectral analysis over time and frequency banding. The possibility of deriving indices to verify muscle fatigue states, such as the electromyographic fatigue threshold (EMGFT), is also explored. The Sorensen test for assessing low back pain and the incorporation of EMG measures during manual load lifting are discussed, with reference to current literature. The third chapter, by Fagundes Loss, explores EMG signals for the posterior-medial trunk musculature in the context of symmetrical load lifting without mechanical restriction. In the final chapter in this section, Bohbot and colleagues discuss methods for analyzing and interpreting electromyography signals in patients with complete and incomplete transections of the spinal cord. The fourth section of this volume discusses EMG applications in the context of sports and performance medicine. Shan and Visentin open this section by exploring the application of EMG to the performing arts in musicians and dancers. Salamons and colleagues then discuss the use of surface electromyography of m. ulnaris lateralis during both standing and walking to understand performance in horses who have undergone different training regimes. Sahu and colleagues then describe the use of [...]... data obtained from isometric tasks performed with the use of mechanical limitations intended to ensure symmetrical execution 10 Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine of the movement Alexiev (1994) found symmetry in 40 individuals and Mannion et al (1997b) in 34 individuals, and in both studies, the samples consisted of individuals who had no complaint of lumbar pain Golỗalves and Barbosa... S G., K P (1997) The development of an emg- assisted model to assess spine loading during whole-body free-dynamic lifting Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 7(4): 259-268, 18 Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine Mcgill, S & Norman, R (1986) Partitioning of the l4-l5 dynamic moment into disc, ligamentous, and muscular components during lifting Spine 11(7): 666, 0362-2436 Mirka,... Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine plates, whose trajectories simulate the stance and swing phases The potential risk of Robotic Gait Machines is the introduction of a non physiological gait pattern due the limited degrees of freedom controlled by the machines An understanding of the biomechanical interaction between Robotic Gait Machines and patients during locomotor training on the... study included 16 healthy male individuals The subjects were right-handers, aged between 20 and 34 years, with mean height of 170.8 10.4 cm and mean weight of 67.0 12.5 kg and no history of spine pathology The lifting task started and finished with the individual in a static position without a load and consisted of lifting and lowering an object using both hands, while keeping the knees straight and. .. attempt to indirectly estimate the forces acting on the spine (Granata, 1995; Arjmand, 2006) 4 Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine A review of the literature reveals that, while the segments of the spine are considered in terms of anatomical division, the overwhelming majority of EMG- based research into lifting is concentrated on the analysis of the lumbar region alone (Alexiev, 1994;... positioned at pre-determined height, according to the individuals anatomical features (B) The object has a comfortable grip and can be adjusted by including/excluding weight plates like those used in strength training 6 Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine Each participant performed two series of ten repetitions of the analyzed gesture Four devices were used in order to collect electromyographical... the concept that the EMG signal is a continuous measure of muscle activity, and may be used as a basis for determining the force generating history (Marras et al., 1997) 14 Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine McGill and Norman (1986) developed a dynamic musculoskeletal model of the lumbar spine that incorporates great three-dimensional detail of the ligaments of musculoskeletal system... creating models of the spine that include more segments, which will in all likelihood provide better estimates of what is happening internally in the spine 6 Acknowledgements We thank Miotec Equipamentos Biomộdicos Ltda for the loan of the electromyographical equipment and for their technical support during data collection 16 Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine 7 References Alexiev,... using a rabbit model The chapter reviews methods for measuring pelvic and perineal muscle EMGs in laboratory rabbits, and describes alterations in this activity associated with dysfunction, particularly urinary incontinence The third chapter in the section by Lorenzo-Gomes describes EMG in the diagnosis pelvic floor muscle function in women with urinary incontinence The final section of this book includes... complaints of pain in other regions of the trunk A model that divides the spine into more segments, while not reflecting the total number of vertebrae in the spine, would bring the study of the internal loads in the spine closer to reality The results of this study together with those of other anthropometric and anatomical studies provide a contribution towards future studies aimed at creating models of . APPLICATIONS OF EMG IN CLINICAL AND SPORTS MEDICINE Edited by Catriona Steele Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine Edited by Catriona. obtained from orders@intechweb.org Applications of EMG in Clinical and Sports Medicine, Edited by Catriona Steele p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-798-7 free online editions of InTech Books and. Part 4 Sports Medicine 199 Chapter 13 EMG Applications in Studies of Arts 201 Gongbing Shan and Peter Visentin Chapter 14 Surface Electromyography During Both Standing and Walking in m. Ulnaris