HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND RELATED DISEASES – FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE RESEARCH ASPECTS Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivona Lovric Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects, Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-855-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Lesions 1 Chapter 1 Epidemiology of Mucosal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections Among Adult and Children 3 Helen Trottier Chapter 2 Human Papillomavirus Type Distribution in Southern China and Taiwan 19 Chung-Yung Chen and Chin-Hung Wang Chapter 3 Human Papillomavirus Worldwide Distribution in Women Without Cervical Cancer 37 I. Dutra, I. Foroni, A.R. Couto, M. Lima and J. Bruges-Armas Chapter 4 Incidence of Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosed with Opportunistic Screening in >70 Years-Old Women: Italy as a Case Study 65 Teresa Pusiol Part 2 Novelties in Human Papillomavirus Diagnosis, Treatment and Research 93 Chapter 5 Oligonucleotide Applications for the Therapy and Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus Infection 95 María L. Benítez-Hess, Julia D. Toscano-Garibay and Luis M. Alvarez-Salas Chapter 6 The Human Papilloma Virus – Ion Channel Link in Cancer: An Alternative Opportunity for Diagnosis and Therapy 123 Ana Ramírez and Javier Camacho Chapter 7 Analysis Models for HPV-Related Pathobiology 147 Águeda Buitrago-Pérez, Jesús M. Paramio and Ramón García- Escudero VI Contents Chapter 8 Overview on Molecular Markers to Implement Cervical Cancer Prevention: Challenges and Perspectives 163 Sandra Rosini and Roberta Zappacosta Chapter 9 Molecular Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus 203 I. Dutra, I. Foroni, A.R. Couto, M. Lima and J. Bruges-Armas Part 3 Recent Advances in Fundamental Human Papillomavirus Research 247 Chapter 10 Molecular Bases of Human Papillomavirus Pathogenesis in the Development of Cervical Cancer 249 Adolfo Pedroza-Saavedra, Tanya Plett-Torres, Lilia Chihu-Amparán, Minerva Maldonado-Gama, Ana M. González-Jaimes, Fernando Esquivel-Guadarrama and Lourdes Gutiérrez-Xicotencatl Chapter 11 The Interaction Between Human Papillomavirus Proteins and Cytoskeletal Filaments 291 Zehra Safi Oz Chapter 12 A Functional RNAi-Based Knockdown System: A Tool to Investigate HPV Entry? 311 Caroline Horvath, Gaelle Boulet, Shaira Sahebali, John-Paul Bogers and Davy Vanden Broeck Chapter 13 Molecular Events Towards Wnt Pathway Activation in Cervical Cancer: Changing the Balance on NKD/DVL Signals 325 Carlos Pérez-Plasencia, Patricia Piña-Sánchez, Felipe Vaca-Paniagua, Verónica Fragoso-Ontiveros, Nadia Jacobo-Herrera, César López-Camarillo and Omar Vargas-Hernández Chapter 14 Interplay Between HPV Oncoproteins and MicroRNAs in Cervical Cancer 347 Reshmi G and M.Radhakrishna Pillai Chapter 15 Role of Chronic Inflammation and Resulting DNA Damage in Cervical Carcinogenesis Induced by Human Papillomavirus 359 Yusuke Hiraku Chapter 16 HPVTyper: A Software Application for Automatic HPV Typing via PCR-RFLP Gel Electrophoresis 383 Christos Maramis, Dimitrios Karagiannis and Anastasios Delopoulos Preface Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent cancer among women worldwide, mainly affecting young women. Infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been identified as the causal agent for this condition. The natural history of cervical cancer is characterized by slow disease progression, generally taking over 10 years, from the initial infection with HPV, to the diagnosis of cancer. In essence, cervical cancer is a preventable disease, and treatable if diagnosed in early stage. Historically, the introduction of the Pap smear has markedly reduced the number of new cases in countries with an effective prevention program. The burden of disease is highest in developing countries, with peak incidence in Eastern Africa. Recently, prophylactic vaccines became available, equally contributing to a better disease prevention. Unfortunately, the global burden of disease is still very high. Cervical cancer research is a multidisciplinary matter, combining efforts of clinicians (gynaecologists, pathologists, clinical chemists), epidemiologists, fundamental scientists, and sociologists. In this book, focus has been put on research and fundamental aspects of HPV related research. Section 1 is titled: Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Lesions. In this section, epidemiological data per age group are presented, and data that has been collected in asymptomatic women are equally included. In the second section, translation of fundamental findings into novel HPV diagnostic and treatment options are summarized. Molecular biology has found its way into this field and created many new possibilities, comprising molecular biomarkers, and allowing more accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment. The final section outlines recent advances in fundamental HPV research. New insights on the role of ion channels and the cytoskeleton are presented. Furthermore, signal pathways in carcinogenesis are dissected, as well as immunological implications in the carcinogenic transformation. Among the novelties in fundamental research, Dr. Maramis and co-workers have developed software allowing automation of HPV genotyping assays. In addition, new molecular biological tools in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer are included, next to the development of a research tool to investigate the cellular uptake of the HPV virus. X Preface This book will be a useful tool for both researchers and clinicians dealing with cervical cancer, and will provide them with the latest information in this field. Prof. Dr. Davy Vanden Broeck, MSc, PhD. Team leader HPV/Cervical Cancer Research International Centre for Reproductive Health Ghent University Belgium Acknowledgements The editor of this book would like to express sincere thanks to all authors for their high quality contributions. The editor expresses the gratefulness to Ms. Bojana Zelenika and Ms. Ivona Lovric, process managers, for their continued cooperation. [...]... than 10% from the genotype with which it has greatest homology in DNA sequence Papillomaviruses can also be classified according to their tissue tropism (mucosal or cutaneous) and oncogenic potential (table 2) (De Villiers et al, 2004) Although it is possible Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects 4 Genus Alpha -papillomavirus Beta -papillomavirus Gamma -papillomavirus. .. 93(4):475-9 18 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects Thomas KK, Hughes JP, Kuypers JM, Kiviat NB, Lee SK, Adam DE, Koutsky LA Concurrent and sequential acquisition of different genital human papillomavirus types J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 109 7–1 02 Trottier H, Franco EL: The epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection Vaccine 2006; 24(suppl 1):S1–S15 (b)... which can be deduced from Table 1 infect over 50% of patients in every city/region included in the list In Taiwan (2), the TAR, Liaoning, Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects 20 Shenzhen, and Shanxi, the order of frequency of HPV type is 16, 58 and 52, while the order that can be found in Shandong, Hong Kong, and Shenyan is 16, 52 and 58 Another combination... 2003; 133:35 3–9 14 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects (c) Giuliano AR, Lazcano-Ponce E, Villa LL, Flores R, Salmeron J, Lee JH, Papenfuss MR, Abrahamsen M, Jolles E, Nielson CM, Baggio ML, Silva R, Quiterio M HPV prevalence and type-distribution among men residing in Brazil, Mexico and the US Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 203 6–4 3 ( b) Giuliano... infection in women who have sex with women: a review Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183: 77 0–4 16 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects Matsushita K, Sasagawa T, Miyashita M, Ishizaki A, Morishita A, Hosaka N, Saikawa K, Hoshina S, Bi X, Ichimura H Oral and cervical human papillomavirus infection among female sex workers in Japan Jpn J Infect Dis 2011; 64(1):34-9... 8.2%, 8.1%, and 3.4% rates representing the 51-60, 41-50, 31-40, and 21-30 age groups, respectively (6) For people in Guangzhou, a high HPV rate (15.1%) is evident in the 20-29 age group and lower HPV rates Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects 24 (11.7% and 11.8%) can be observed in the 40-49 and over-60 age groups (7) However, there is no significant difference... occur via other sexual practices, such as oral sex, digital-vaginal sex and use of insertive sex toys (Edwards et al, 1998; Sonnex et al, 1999; Gervaz et al, 2003) For example, oral sex may explain why husband of women with cervical cancer are at higher 6 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects risk of upper aerodigestive track cancer (Hemminki et al, 2000)... of HPV infection in children is clearly needed 12 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects 6 Conclusion Anogenital HPV infection is very common with high prevalences found in both females and males Typically, anogenital HPV prevalence increases rapidly in adolescents/young adults following sexual debut, and the highest prevalence occurs among this population... cervical 8 Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects and anal HPV testing is done, anal HPV is more common than cervical HPV (Williams et al, 1994; Palefsky et al, 2001) More recently, Goodman et al (2010) reported that cervical and anal HPV infections do occur consecutively and that the risk of one increases the risk of the other and vice versa They also reported... also Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects 10 been identified as increasing with the rupture of membranes; the longer time rupture of membranes occurred before delivery, higher risk of transmission (Tenti et al, 1999) Study, year; country Tseng et al, 1998; Taiwan Puranen et al, 1997; Finland Chatterjee et al, 1998; India Tenti et al, 1999; Italy Bandyopadh . HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND RELATED DISEASES – FROM BENCH TO BEDSIDE RESEARCH ASPECTS Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench. Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects, Edited by Davy Vanden Broeck p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-855-7. Although it is possible Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases – From Bench to Bedside – Research Aspects 4 Genus Species Genotypes of HPV Alpha -papillomavirus Alpha-1 42 Alpha-2 3, 10,