AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON TOPICS IN SPORTS MEDICINE AND SPORTS INJURY Edited by Kenneth R. Zaslav An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury Edited by Kenneth R. Zaslav Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Dejan Grgur Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury, Edited by Kenneth R. Zaslav p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0005-8 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Physiology of Sports Medicine 1 Chapter 1 Measurement and Physiological Relevance of the Maximal Lipid Oxidation Rate During Exercise (LIPOXmax) 3 Jean-Frédéric Brun, Emmanuelle Varlet-Marie, Ahmed Jérôme Romain and Jacques Mercier Chapter 2 Glutamine and Glutamate Reference Intervals as a Clinical Tool to Detect Training Intolerance During Training and Overtraining 41 Rodrigo Hohl, Lázaro Alessandro Soares Nunes, Rafael Alkmin Reis, René Brenzikofer, Rodrigo Perroni Ferraresso, Foued Salmen Spindola and Denise Vaz Macedo Chapter 3 Physical Activity Measures in Children – Which Method to Use? 65 Juliette Hussey Chapter 4 Applicability of the Reference Interval and Reference Change Value of Hematological and Biochemical Biomarkers to Sport Science 77 Lázaro Alessandro Soares Nunes, Fernanda Lorenzi Lazarim, René Brenzikofer and Denise Vaz Macedo Chapter 5 Body Mass Bias in Exercise Physiology 99 Paul M. Vanderburgh Chapter 6 Eccentric Exercise, Muscle Damage and Oxidative Stress 113 Athanasios Z. Jamurtas and Ioannis G. Fatouros Chapter 7 Aging in Women Athletes 131 Monica C. Serra, Shawna L. McMillin and Alice S. Ryan VI Contents Chapter 8 Exercise and the Immune System – Focusing on the Effect of Exercise on Neutrophil Functions 145 Baruch Wolach Chapter 9 Physical Activity, Physical Fitness and Metabolic Syndrome 159 Xiaolin Yang Part 2 Medical Issues in Sports Medicine 185 Chapter 10 Effects of Exercise on the Airways 187 Maria R. Bonsignore, Nicola Scichilone, Laura Chimenti, Roberta Santagata, Daniele Zangla and Giuseppe Morici Chapter 11 Comparison of Seminal Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity Between Elite Athletes, Active and Non Active Men 213 Bakhtyar Tartibian, Behzad Hajizadeh Maleki, Asghar Abbasi, Mehdi Eghbali, Siamak Asri-Rezaei and Hinnak Northoff Chapter 12 Aquatic Sports Dermatoses: Clinical Presentation and Treatment Guidelines 223 Jonathan S. Leventhal and Brook E. Tlougan Chapter 13 Evaluation of Neural Networks to Identify Types of Activity Among Children Using Accelerometers, Global Positioning Systems and Heart Rate Monitors 245 Francisca Galindo-Garre and Sanne I. de Vries Chapter 14 The Application of Medical Infrared Thermography in Sports Medicine 257 Carolin Hildebrandt, Karlheinz Zeilberger, Edward Francis John Ring and Christian Raschner Chapter 15 The Involvement of Brain Monoamines in the Onset of Hyperthermic Central Fatigue 275 Cândido C. Coimbra, Danusa D. Soares and Laura H. R. Leite Part 3 Epidemiology of Sports Medicine Injury and Disease 307 Chapter 16 Community Options for Outdoor Recreation as an Alternative to Maintain Population Health and Wellness 309 Judy Kruger Chapter 17 The Physical Demands of Batting and Fast Bowling in Cricket 321 Candice Jo-Anne Christie Contents VII Chapter 18 Prediction of Sports Injuries by Mathematical Models 333 Juan Carlos de la Cruz-Márquez, Adrián de la Cruz-Campos, Juan Carlos de la Cruz-Campos, María Belén Cueto-Martín, María García-Jiménez and María Teresa Campos-Blasco Chapter 19 Intervention Strategies in the Prevention of Sports Injuries From Physical Activity 355 Luis Casáis and Miguel Martínez Part 4 Orthopedic and Skeletal Aspects of Sports Medicine 379 Chapter 20 Pilates Based Exercise in Muscle Disbalances Prevention and Treatment of Sports Injuries 381 Sylwia Mętel, Agata Milert and Elżbieta Szczygieł Chapter 21 Physical Management of Pain in Sport Injuries 403 Rufus A. Adedoyin and Esther O. Johnson Chapter 22 Better Association Between Q Angle and Patellar Alignment Among Less Displaced Patellae in Females with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Correlation Study with Axial Computed Tomography 415 Da-Hon Lin, Chien-Ho Janice Lin, Jiu-Jenq Lin, Mei-Hwa Jan, Cheng-Kung Cheng and Yeong-Fwu Lin Chapter 23 Syndesmotic Injuries in Athletes 423 Jeffrey R. Thormeyer, James P. Leonard and Mark Hutchinson Chapter 24 Consequences of Ankle Inversion Trauma: A Novel Recognition and Treatment Paradigm 457 Patrick O. McKeon, Tricia J. Hubbard and Erik A. Wikstrom Chapter 25 Treatment of Talar Osteochondral Lesions Using Local Osteochondral Talar Autograft – Long Term Results 481 Thanos Badekas, Evangelos Evangelou and Maria Takvorian Chapter 26 Proprioception and the Rugby Shoulder 493 Ian Horsley Chapter 27 Tibial Stress Injuries: Aetiology, Classification, Biomechanics and the Failure of Bone 509 M. Franklyn and B. Oakes Preface For the past two decades, Sports Medicine has been a burgeoning science in the USA and Western Europe. Great strides have been made in understanding the basic physiology of exercise, energy consumption and the mechanisms of sports injury. Additionally, through advances in minimally invasive surgical treatment and physical rehabilitation, athletes have been returning to sports quicker and at higher levels after injury. More recently, increasing contributions have been made by scientists and physicians on all five continents toward this important enterprise. As this book will demonstrate, many researchers throughout the world are contributing greatly to our understanding of the kinetics of exercise, joint motion, and the epidemiology of sports-related injury. They are also providing strong evidence to support the benefits of exercise to avoid chronic disease. This book contains new information from basic scientists on the physiology of exercise and sports performance, updates on medical diseases treated in athletes and excellent summaries of treatment options for common sports-related injuries to the skeletal system. Our hope is that it will become an important compendium and resource for the physicians and surgeons who treat athletes, as well as professional coaches who are helping those athletes to train and maximize their performance. Additionally, we hope these reviews will act to stimulate researchers throughout the world to continue this important work and solve persistent clinical questions posed by these authors. I would like to thank my family, specifically my wife Erica, and children Alexandra and Jake as well as my staff and Partners at Advanced Orthopedics who have supported me throughout the editing of this book and who allow me to continue with my teaching, writing and lecturing while maintaining an active clinical orthopedic practice. Kenneth R. Zaslav MD Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University President, Advanced Orthopedic Centers Richmond Virginia Company Physician, Richmond Ballet: The State Ballet of Virginia USA [...]... are independant tools that cannot be expected to provide equivalent effects on muscle cells 22 An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury At the cellular level (Koulmann & Bigard, 2006) endurance training induces a set of regulatory adaptations that improve mitochondrial function and protein synthesis and overall, the enzymes for both CHO and fat oxidation are increased... endurance training under the form of interval training, strength training, speed training, skill and tactical training, in various proportions according to the period Rugbymen and rugbywomen underwent an heavy training mostly based on strength training The cyclists performed 14 hours of cycling (ie, about 450 km) per week during a nine-month training period During the first month, training sessions were... This training was not sufficient to significantly decrease weight, but it exhibited marked effects on whole body 24 An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury lipid oxidation and muscle oxidative capacities Indeed, after training, the LIPOXmax was shifted to higher power intensity and the MFO was significantly increased compared with pre-training values (+51 mg.min-1)... mmol-1min-1) in blood lactate produces an increase of VCO2 by only 3% Indeed, if we assume that the volume of distribution of lactate is proportional by a factor of 100 ml.kg-1 to body mass and thus represents approximately 8 L, this would mobilize 16 mmol HCO3- and generate, over 6 min, roughly 1.8 CO2 l.min-1 Under these conditions, 12 An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury. .. considered alone can reduce body weight The last American consensus (Donnelly et al., 2009) indicates that more than 250 min of weekly moderateintensity physical activity is associated with clinically significant weight loss Accordingly, 20 An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury lower weekly amounts of moderate-intensity exercise (between 150 and 250 min per week) is... showing a predominant use of carbohydrates 4 An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury acronym FATOXmax FATmax initial Dériaz et al., Achten et al., 2002, publica- 2001 2003, 2004; tion Jeukendrup, 2003; Venables et al., 2005 Duration 5-6 min 3 min of steps (until steady state) Calcula- Visual Visual tion determina- determination tion Expressi- % of maximal on of oxygen... oxidation explains 7% of the variance of exercise-induced weight loss In multiple regression analysis, exercise energy expenditure and change in fasting RER were the only statistically significant predictors of change in fat mass, together explaining 40.2% of the variance Thus, fat loss in response to exercise training depends not only on exercise energy expenditure but also on exercise training-induced... calculation of the respective rates of oxidation of carbohydrates and lipids by applying the classical stoichiometric equations of indirect calorimetry: Carbohydrates (mg/min) = 4.585 VCO2 – 3.2255 VO2 (1) Lipid Oxidation (mg/min) = -1.7012 VCO2 + 1.6946 VO2 (2) 8 An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury These calculations are performed on values of the 5-6th minutes... exercise may increase the oxidative use of lipids by at least 4 mechanisms (after Brun et al., 2011) According to Warren the most important and reliable of these mechanisms is the oxidation during exercise performed around the LIPOXmax or below (Warren et al., 2009) 6 An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury 2.2 Mechanisms of substrate (fat vs CHO) selection during muscular... of straight chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs, was studied in trained and untrained women It was shown that HAD activity and fat oxidation rates were highly correlated indicating that training-induced adaptation in muscle fat oxidative capacity is an important factor for enhanced fat oxidation (Stisen et al., 2006) 5.5 Does LIPOX training increase REE and resting fat oxidation? There is no study on the effects . AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON TOPICS IN SPORTS MEDICINE AND SPORTS INJURY Edited by Kenneth R. Zaslav An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and. trained for sprint or intermittent exercise a profile showing a predominant use of carbohydrates. An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury 4 acron y m. online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and