[...]... 188, 205 Anastomotic sites, 83 Anergic cells, 122, 205 Angiogenesis, 134–135, 205 Animal models, 176–180 Animal tests, classification of, 178 Animal Welfare Act of 1985, 177 Antibiotics, 104–105 Antibodies, 112, 118, 205 Antibody-antigen binding, 112, 118 Antibody screening tests, 123 Anticoagulants, 80–81, 82 systemic, 84 Antigenic determinant, 112, 206 Antigen-presenting cells, 116–117, 206 Antigens,... biological molecules with an implant surface to the final tissue remodelxvii xviii An Introduction To Tissue -Biomaterial Interactions Figure 0.1 Molecular level events at the surface of a metal implant On a macroscopic level, the surface of a metal implant may appear to be smooth, uniform, and inert On the microscopic level, such a surface probably varies in chemical composition and topology and is the location... molecule-surface interactions A number of these molecule-surface interactions can have far-reaching physiological e¤ects (initiating the process of coagulation, for example) that are relevant to the wound healing process and to the long-term viability of the implant ing around an implant, understanding the temporal progression of wound healing (Fig 0.2) is a necessary part of understanding tissue-implant interactions. .. Acknowledgments We thank our colleagues and students for their support and encouragement and especially thank the following: Amanda Filanowski (Tulane University) for drafting the intimal hyperplasia and osseointegration sections of this text; Luna Han and Colette Bean (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) for constructive suggestions, understanding, and gentle insistence regarding deadlines; Glen A Livesay, Ph.D (Tulane University)... importance A surface is the termination 4 An Introduction To Tissue -Biomaterial Interactions of the normal three-dimensional structure of a material Lack of near neighbor atoms on one side of the surface alters the electronic structure and consequently the way these atoms interact with other atoms Chemical bonds will ‘‘dangle’’ into the space outside the solid material and will result in the surface atoms... occur at the tissue -biomaterial interface, new ideas are sparked about designing biomaterial surfaces to control subsequent cell and tissue functions and making novel biomaterials or cell /biomaterial constructs that truly integrate with the body’s natural tissues (Chapters 8, 9, and 10 of this text) Controlling cell -biomaterial interactions is an important goal for the development of tissue-engineered... A crucial concept to understand about the tissue -biomaterial interface is that a lot of things happen there! The environment inside the body is chemically, electrically, and mechanically active, and the interface between an implanted biomaterial and the body is the location of a variety of dynamic biochemical processes and reactions For example, Figure 0.1 shows some of the atomic and molecular level... medical implants, extracorporeal devices, and disposables that have been utilized in medicine, surgery, dentistry, and veterinary medicine as well as in every aspect of patient health care The National Institutes of Health Consensus Develop- 1 2 An Introduction To Tissue -Biomaterial Interactions ment Conference defined a biomaterial as ‘‘any substance (other than a drug) or combination of substances, synthetic... when a metallic implant is placed in the body Oxygen di¤uses from the surface oxide into the bulk metal, and metal ions can di¤use from the bulk into the surface oxide as well Biological ions can also be incorporated into the surface oxide Interactions of biological molecules (proteins, enzymes, etc.) with the implant surface can cause transient or permanent changes in the conformation—and thus the function—of... susceptible to crevice corrosion and pitting when implanted for longer periods Titanium and its alloys, as well as cobalt-chromium alloys, have more favorable corrosion resistance for long-term implant applications such as joint and dental prostheses 1.2.3 Mechanical Properties The mechanical properties of materials are of great importance when designing load-bearing orthopedic and dental implants Some mechanical .