ENTREPRENEURSHIP - GENDER, GEOGRAPHIES AND SOCIAL CONTEXT Edited by Thierry Burger-Helmchen Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context Edited by Thierry Burger-Helmchen Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context, Edited by Thierry Burger-Helmchen p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0206-9 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Gender & Entrepreneurship 1 Chapter 1 Gender Differences Among Social vs. Business Entrepreneurs 3 Ayala M. Pines, Miri Lerner and Dafna Schwartz Chapter 2 Gender and Entrepreneurship in Uganda: Women Manoeuvring Economic Space 15 Julius Kikooma Chapter 3 Entrepreneurship in Schools and the Invisible of Gender: A Swedish Context 31 Eva Leffler Part 2 Geographies & Entrepreneurship 53 Chapter 4 Social Entrepreneurship and Cross-Sectoral Partnerships in CEE Countries 55 Kaufmann Hans Ruediger, Mewaldt Andrea and Sanchez Bengoa Dolores Chapter 5 Motives for Entrepreneurship: The Case of Lebanese Family Businesses 81 Josiane Fahed-Sreih and David Pistrui Chapter 6 Entrepreneurship: Geographies and Social Context 93 Elaine Da Silveira Leite and Natalia Maximo e Melo Chapter 7 Does Romania Have a Chance to Join the Innovation Driven Economy? 103 Alexandru Borcea and Rosemari Fuica Chapter 8 Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Spain Concepts, Kinds of Business and Advances in Research 121 Ángeles Arjona Garrido and Juan Carlos Checa Olmos VI Contents Chapter 9 Exploring Entrepreneurial Initiatives Among New African Nations: Reflecting Upon the Entrepreneurial Culture of Ghana and Namibia – Two Former German Colonies 137 Wilfred Isak April Chapter 10 The Talents’ Impact on China’s Economic Development 145 Han Liang, Kaizhong Yang and Yuping Li Part 3 Social Context & Entrepreneurship 169 Chapter 11 Social Entrepreneurship 171 Lee A. Swanson and David D. Zhang Chapter 12 Sustainable Retail Banking and Asset Management: Lessons from Challenges Faced by Entrepreneurs in African Economies 191 Paul Stanford Kupakuwana Chapter 13 Family Businesses: The Extensiveness of Succession Problems and Possible Solutions 203 Mojca Duh Chapter 14 International Entrepreneurship in an Emerging Economy 235 Sonia K. Guimarães Chapter 15 Entrepreneurship, Farming, and Identity: A Phenomenological Inquiry 249 Charles B. Hennon Preface The birth and infancy of entrepreneurship was turned into a specific area of academic study and empirical research quite early. The field greatly evolved, and at the same time, a constant urge to deal with real problems existed, from firm creation to industrial growth, including firm strategy and economic policy. Economic, sociological, and managerial academics began to devise a detailed and interpretative framework for the study of entrepreneurship. Many people came from different fields, and there was a need to overcome the limitation of the standard neoclassical theory of entrepreneurship. New areas of research were embraced, thereby recognizing that powerful mechanisms are at work in entrepreneurship which now require systematic analysis. The economics of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship, in a very broad sense, has always been at the heart of firm and industrial dynamics extoling influence at macro level. Starting with the analysis of the specific properties and effects of entrepreneurship as an economic function, researchers then proceeded to the historical and normative analysis of resource allocation mechanisms in the field of entrepreneurship. More generally, they analyzed the socio-economic institutions that could be relied upon to produce, mediate, and favor entrepreneurship. Many authors tried to define Entrepreneurship “Entrepreneurship is an act of innovation that involves endowing existing resources with new wealth-producing capacity” Drucker (1985) “Entrepreneurship is a process by which individuals pursue and exploit opportunities irrespective to the resources they currently control” Stevenson (1985) “Entrepreneurship is the creation of organizations, the process by which new organizations come into existence“ Gartner (1988) X Preface “Entrepreneurship is a way of thinking, reasoning, and acting that is opportunity drive, holistic in approach, and leadership balanced” Timmons (1997) “Entrepreneurship is about how, by whom, and with what consequences opportunities to bring future goods and services into existence are discovered, created and exploited” Venkataraman (1997) From these definitions, we can see that the academic understanding of entrepreneurship broadened over time. The first dimension of the entrepreneurial space is the continuum between economic approaches oriented towards the origin and context of entrepreneurship, social science approaches, and managerial concerns. Among others, influences can also be found in the education context, or, the institutional context. And finally, researchers raised the question of what happens if we do not take those issues into account? What if we take them for granted and simply state that entrepreneurs do things differently, for whatever the reason, and have ideas in different ways other than economic factors? The following table summarizes these three divisions of research in entrepreneurship. Approaches Classical economic and social context Where Education, development and institutional context Why Managerial context How Description of the entrepreneur, object of the study: The entrepreneur is an important element of macro and local development. The impact can depend on gender, geographical location and social context. Is one a born entrepreneur? Does one become an entrepreneur through a specific education system or a special institutional context? The entrepreneurial process, the detection of opportunities, the development of ideas, creativity, and innovation. The construction of new business models Sectors of interest: Political level (country, region, town level) Educational system, historical studies, political influence Economists involved in theory of the firm, management science The three volumes of entrepreneurship are each dedicated to one of the above divisions. The first volume “Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context” sheds new light on how the entrepreneur is an important element of macro and local development by taking into account gender, geographical places, and social context. [...]... (2007) Entrepreneurship Gender, Entrepreneurial SelfEfficacy, and Entrepreneurial Career Intentions: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31, 387–406 14 Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context Yitzhaki, R., Lerner, M and Sharir, M (2008) What Social Ventures Are? Toward a Theoretical Framework and Empirical Examination of Successful Social. .. not or cannot meet and who gather the necessary resources and use these to ‘make a difference ’” 6 Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context (Thompson, Alvy & Lees 2000) As such, social entrepreneurs are perceived as change agents who create and sustain social value without being limited by the resources at hand (Stevenson & Jarrilo, 1991) Like business entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs... contribution to the community 12 Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context and social responsibility is fast becoming an important strategic asset of companies and part of the creation of value for business owners 5 References Allen, I.E., Elam, N., Langowotz, N & Dean, M (2007) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Report on Women and Entrepreneurship Babson College and London Business School... detection of opportunities, the creative processes, and the impact of the entrepreneurial mindset on business models Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context Entrepreneurship, in a gender-related approach, is tackled by the following works from the contributions in Section I: Gender and Entrepreneurship Section II: Geographies and Entrepreneurship is composed of eight articles where... capita is small and where women have no other option for 4 Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context Fig 1 Early-Stage Entrepreneurial Activity Rates by Gender, 2009 making a living (such as Ecuador) and lower in countries where the general income per capita is high (such as Norway) has been explained as a result of the difference between "necessity" and "opportunity" entrepreneurship, ... developed economies and lower in the less developed economies (suggested by Bosma & Levie, 2009) is that the definitions of a traditional business enterprise and a social enterprise may overlap in developing countries, whereas they may be more distinct in developed countries William 10 Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context Baumol has suggested that the level of entrepreneurship is... book correspond to Section III: Social Context and Entrepreneurship In this section, several presentations study the characteristics of some specific contexts, such as the agricultural context, farming, and family business Thierry Burger-Helmchen BETA-CNRS, EM Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg France References Drucker, P F 1985 Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Practice and Principles New York, USA:... Weerawardena, J and Carnegie, K 2003 Social entrepreneurship: toward conceptualization International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 8, 76 Thompson, J., Alvy, G & Lees, A 2000 Social entrepreneurship: a new look at the people and the potential Management Decision, 38, 328-338 Weiler, A S., & Bernasek, A (2001) Dodging the glass ceiling? Networks and the new wave of women entrepreneurs Social. .. Women’s SEA in the three types of economy is much more similar than women's TEA Table 2 and Figure 3 present the relative difference (i.e., Male-Female/Male) between men’s and women’s Early-Stage SEA and TEA, in Factor, Efficiency and Innovation Driven economies 8 Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context Factor Driven Economies Efficiency Driven Economies Innovation Driven Economies... of 18 Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context female entrepreneurs in Uganda is also the story of the country’s experience of, and recovery from, civil war and its legacy of death, destruction and fear In terms of explaining the rise in women’s entrepreneurship, Uganda’s case is unique because “a veritable explosion of Ugandan African entrepreneurship was born out of the need to survive . ENTREPRENEURSHIP - GENDER, GEOGRAPHIES AND SOCIAL CONTEXT Edited by Thierry Burger-Helmchen Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context Edited. Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context Entrepreneurship, in a gender-related approach, is tackled by the following works from the contributions in Section I: Gender and Entrepreneurship. . meet and who gather the necessary resources and use these to ‘make a difference ’” Entrepreneurship - Gender, Geographies and Social Context 6 (Thompson, Alvy & Lees 2000). As such, social