Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Protocols Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com This page intentionally left blank Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Protocols Edited by PRASANT MOHAPATRA University of California‚ Davis SRIKANTH V. KRISHNAMURTHY University of California‚ Riverside Springer Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com eBook ISBN: 0-387-22690-7 Print ISBN: 0-387-22689-3 Print ©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Boston ©2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Contents List of Figures List of Tables Contributing Authors Preface Acknowledgments xi xvii xix xxi xxiii 1 Ad Hoc Networks Mario Gerla 1 1.1. Introduction and Definitions 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 Wireless Evolution Ad hoc Networks Characteristics Wireless Network Taxonomy 1.2. Ad Hoc Network Applications 1 3 4 5 6 7 1.2.1 1.2.2 The Battlefield The Urban and Campus Grids: a case for opportunistic ad hoc networking 1.3. Design Challenges 10 12 12 13 15 17 21 22 1.3.1 1.3.2 Cross Layer Interaction Mobility and Scaling 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. Evaluating Ad Hoc Network Protocols - the Case for a Testbed Overview of the Chapters in this Book Conclusions References 2 Collision Avoidance Procotols 23 J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves and Yu Wang 2.1. Performance of collision avoidance protocols 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 Approximate Analysis Numerical Results Simulation Results 25 26 35 39 44 46 48 54 58 2.2. 2.3. Framework and Mechanisms for Fair Access in IEEE 802.11 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 The Fairness Framework Topology-Aware Fair Access Simulation Results Conclusion Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com vi AD HOC NETWORKS References 60 3 Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Mahesh K. Marina and Samir R. Das 63 3.1. 3.2. Introduction Flooding 63 65 66 68 69 70 71 72 72 75 77 77 79 80 81 84 84 86 91 91 94 94 95 96 97 99 103 105 106 108 108 109 112 112 113 114 114 114 115 117 118 3.2.1 Efficient Flooding Techniques 3.3. Proactive Routing 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 Distance Vector Protocols Link State Protocols Performance of Proactive Protocols 3.4. On-demand Routing 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 Protocols for On-Demand Routing Optimizations for On-demand Routing Performance of On-Demand Routing 3.5. Proactive Versus On-demand Debate 3.5.1 Hybrid Approaches 3.6. Location-based Routing 3.6.1 3.6.2 Location-based Routing Protocols Location Service Protocols 3.7. Concluding Remarks References 4 Multicasting in Ad Hoc Networks Prasant Mohapatra‚ Jian Li‚ and Chao Gui 4.1. 4.2. Introduction Classifications of Protocols 4.2.1 4.2.2 Dealing with Group Dynamics Dealing with Network Dynamics 4.3. Multicasting Protocols 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 Multicast operations of AODV (MAODV) Reliance on More Nodes Reliance on Backbone Structure Stateless Multicasting Overlay Multicasting Location Aided Multicasting Gossip-Based Multicasting 4.4. 4.5. Broadcasting Protocol Comparisons 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 Network Size Network Mobility Multicast Group Size 4.6. Overarching Issues 4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 Energy Efficiency Reliable Multicasting QoS-AwareMulticasting Secure Multicasting Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Contents vii 4.7. Conclusions and Future Directions References 119 119 5 Transport Layer Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks Karthikeyan Sundaresan‚ Seung-Jong Park‚ Raghupathy Sivakumar 123 5.1. 5.2. Introduction TCP and Ad-hoc Networks TCP Background Window-based Transmissions Slow Start Loss-based Congestion Indication Linear Increase Multiplicative Decrease Dependence on ACKs and Retransmission Timeouts Absolute Impact of Losses 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 5.6. 5.7. Transport Layer for Ad-hoc Networks: Overview Modified TCP TCP-aware Cross-layered Solutions Ad-hoc Transport Protocol Summary References 6 Energy Conservation Robin Kravets and Cigdem Sengul 6.1. Energy Consumption in Ad Hoc Networks 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 Point-to-Point Communication End-to-End Communication Idle Devices Energy Conservation Approaches 6.2. Communication-Time Energy Conservation 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 Power Control Topology Control Energy-Aware Routing 6.3. Idle-time Energy Conservation 6.3.1 6.3.2 Communication Device Suspension Power Management 6.4. Conclusion References 7 Use of Smart Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks Prashant Krishnamurthy and Srikanth Krishnamurthy 7.1. 7.2. Introduction Smart Antenna Basics and Models 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 Antennas in Brief Important Antenna Parameters Directional Antenna Models 7.3. Medium Access Control with Directional Antennas 7.3.1 The IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol in Brief 124 125 126 127 129 131 132 132 134 135 137 140 146 150 151 153 155 155 157 157 158 158 158 161 172 176 176 186 190 190 197 197 198 199 200 201 201 202 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 5.2.6 5.2.7 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com viii AD HOC NETWORKS 7.3.2 Directional Transmissions and the IEEE 802.11 MAC proto- col Directional Medium Access Control with Omni-Directional Receptions Adding directional receptions: Directional Virtual Carrier Sensing The impact of increased directional range The Multi-hop RTS MAC Protocol (MMAC) Dealing with Deafness: The Circular RTS message Other Collision Avoidance MAC Protocols Scheduled Medium Access Control 7.3.3 7.3.4 7.3.5 7.3.6 7.3.7 7.3.8 7.3.9 7.4. Routing with Directional Antennas 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 On Demand Routing Using Directional Antennas The Impact of Directional Range on Routing A Joint MAC/Routing Approach Remarks 7.5. Broadcast with Directional Antennas 7.5.1 7.5.2 Performance Issues in Broadcasting Broadcast schemes with directional antennas 7.6. Summary References 8 QoS Issues in Ad-hoc Networks Prasun Sinha 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. Introduction Definition of QoS Physical Layer 8.3.1 8.3.2 8.3.3 Auto Rate Fallback (ARF) Receiver-Based Auto Rate (RBAR) Opportunistic Auto Rate (OAR) 8.4. Medium Access Layer 8.4.1 8.4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) 802.11 Point Coordination Function (PCF) The QoS Extension: 802.11e QoS Support using DCF based Service Differentiation 8.5. QoS Routing 8.5.1 8.5.2 Core Extraction based Distributed Ad-hoc Routing (CEDAR) Ticket based routing 8.6. 8.7. QoS at other Networking Layers Inter-Layer Design Approaches 8.7.1 8.7.2 INSIGNIA Cross-Layer Design for Data Accessibility 8.8. Conclusion References 9 Security in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Yongguang Zhang‚ Wenke Lee 9.1. Vulnerabilities of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 203 204 206 208 210 213 214 215 217 217 218 221 222 222 223 224 226 226 229 229 232 232 233 233 234 234 234 236 236 238 239 240 241 242 242 243 243 244 246 249 249 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com Contents ix 9.2. 9.3. Potential Attacks Attack Prevention Techniques 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 Key and Trust Management: Preventing External Attacks Secure Routing Protocols: Preventing Internal Attacks Limitations of Prevention Techniques 9.4. Intrusion Detection Techniques 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 Architecture Overview A Learning-Based Approach Case Study: Anomaly Detection for Ad-Hoc Routing Proto- cols 9.5. Conclusion References Index 251 253 253 254 255 256 256 259 261 264 265 269 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com [...]... applications and wireless devices may further add to the need for and the usage of ad hoc networks During the last few years‚ numerous papers and reports have been published on various issues on mobile ad hoc networks Several tutorials and survey reports have been also published on specific aspects of the mobile ad hoc networks In fact‚ conferences and symposiums that are dedicated to ad hoc networking... networking and radio technologies are needed when operations occur in the “extreme” conditions, namely, extreme mobility (radio and networking), strict delay attributes for safety applications (networking and radio), flexible resource management and reliability (adaptive networks), and extreme throughput (radios) Extremely flexible radio implementations are needed to realize this goal Moreover, cross layer adaptation... the advancements in infrastructure wireless networks The unique design features on ad hoc nets marking a departure from the former are in the network and transport protocol areas (routing, multicast, ad hoc TCP and streaming, etc) Another important family of ad hoc networks, the sensor networks, can in turn be viewed as a subset of ad hoc networks There are differences, however At the physical, MAC and. .. that ad hoc nets offer challenges (and opportunities) well beyond the reach of infrastructure networks So, where do these nets fit 6 Ad Hoc Networks Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf in the overall wireless network classification? Most researchers will view ad hoc wireless networks as a special subset of wireless networks In fact, the ad hoc radio technology and most... may help extend ad hoc networking to commercial applications, namely, the concept of oppor- Ad Hoc Network Applications 7 Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf tunistic ad hoc networking This new trend has been in part prompted by the popularity of wireless telephony and wireless LANs, and the recognition that these techniques have their limits The ad hoc network is used... transmission range and bandwidth factors); and heterogeneous traffic (voice, data and multimedia) They often pose critical time constraints (because of the multimedia traffic and the emergency nature of the applications).In the following section we review the characteristics of ad hoc networks in more detail 1.1.2 Ad hoc Networks Characteristics Mobility: the fact that nodes can be rapidly repositioned and/ or... The topology of the network may change randomly‚ rapidly‚ and unexpectedly Ad hoc networks are useful in many application environments and do not need any infrastructure support Collaborative computing and communications in smaller areas (building organizations‚ conferences‚ etc.) can be set up using ad hoc networking technologies Communications in battlefields and disaster recovery areas are other examples... of additional coverage area (shadowed in the figure)‚ decides whether to rebroadcast the packet Note that the additional coverage area of node B is a function of transmission radius R and nodal distance d When d = R‚ the maximum additional coverage area is reached‚ which is about Number of route errors Round-trip Time and Timeouts (1 Flow) Slow-start and Loss-based Congestion Detection Route Errors and. .. commercial applications of the ad hoc network technology has always been an elusive proposition at best Of the three above mentioned wireless technologies - cellular telephony, wireless Internet and ad hoc networks - it is indeed the ad hoc network technology that has been the slowest to materialize, at least in the commercial domain This is quite surprising since the concept of ad hoc wireless networking... knowledge and progress on ad hoc networking technologies is currently unavailable Our co-edited book is primarily motivated by these lines of thought We have put together a set of interesting chapters that deal with various interesting focal aspects in ad hoc networks The first chapter is a forerunner for things to come It primarily motivates the need for ad hoc networks and xxii Simpo PDF Merge and Split . Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com AD HOC NETWORKS Technologies and Protocols Simpo PDF Merge and Split Unregistered Version - http://www.simpopdf.com This. Authors Preface Acknowledgments xi xvii xix xxi xxiii 1 Ad Hoc Networks Mario Gerla 1 1.1. Introduction and Definitions 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 Wireless Evolution Ad hoc Networks Characteristics Wireless Network Taxonomy 1.2. Ad Hoc Network. Routing 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 Distance Vector Protocols Link State Protocols Performance of Proactive Protocols 3.4. On-demand Routing 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 Protocols for On-Demand Routing Optimizations for On-demand Routing Performance