Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Hiện nay, sự hợp tác mạnh mẽ giữa khoa học và nghệ thuật đang diễn ra hình thành, qua trung gian một phần thông qua sự hướng dẫn của các tổ chức quốc tế như Tổ chức Giáo dục, Khoa học và Văn hóa Liên Hợp Quốc (UNESCO) và Hội đồng Bảo tàng Quốc tế (ICOM). IAEA, thông qua Các chương trình hợp tác nghiên cứu và kỹ thuật phối hợp đang hỗ trợ Các phòng thí nghiệm của các quốc gia thành viên sử dụng công nghệ hạt nhân và công nghệ liên quan để hợp tác với các đồng nghiệp của họ từ các ngành lịch sử nghệ thuật, khảo cổ học hoặc bảo tàng, cho đến tận dụng các nghiên cứu khoa học về di sản văn hóa. Giữa các lĩnh vực khác, bốn lĩnh vực chính có thể được xác định nơi các phương pháp khoa học có thể đóng góp đáng kể cho nghiên cứu khảo cổ học: (1) Bảo tồn vàhoặc phục hồi; (2) Xuất xứ; (3) Hẹn hò; (4) Xác minh tính xác thực. Những khía cạnh chung, các phương pháp chủ yếu được áp dụng và một số điểm nổi bật ví dụ về việc sử dụng chúng được mô tả ngắn gọn trong Phần 1.1–1.4. Điều quan trọng cần lưu ý là các vấn đề an toàn liên quan đến việc sử dụng bức xạ kỹ thuật dựa trên yêu cầu tuân thủ các quy định quốc gia
IAEA RADIATION TECHNOLOGY SERIES No Nuclear Techniques for Cultural Heritage Research @ IAEA RADIATION TECHNOLOGY SERIES PUBLICATIONS One of the main objectives of the IAEA Radioisotope Production and Radiation Technology programme is to enhance the expertise and capability of IAEA Member States in utilizing the methodologies for radiation processing, compositional analysis and industrial applications of radioisotope techniques in order to meet national needs as well as to assimilate new developments for improving industrial process efficiency and safety, development and characterization of value-added products, and treatment of pollutants/hazardous materials Publications in the IAEA Radiation Technology Series provide information in the areas of: radiation processing and characterization of materials using ionizing radiation, and industrial applications of radiotracers, sealed sources and non-destructive testing The publications have a broad readership and are aimed at meeting the needs of scientists, engineers, researchers, teachers and students, laboratory professionals, and instructors International experts assist the IAEA Secretariat in drafting and reviewing these publications Some of the publications in this series may also be endorsed or co-sponsored by international organizations and professional societies active in the relevant fields There are two categories of publications: the IAEA Radiation Technology Series and the IAEA Radiation Technology Reports IAEA RADIATION TECHNOLOGY SERIES Publications in this category present guidance information or methodologies and analyses of long term validity, for example protocols, guidelines, codes, standards, quality assurance manuals, best practices and high level technological and educational material IAEA RADIATION TECHNOLOGY REPORTS In this category, publications complement information published in the IAEA Radiation Technology Series in the areas of: radiation processing of materials using ionizing radiation, and industrial applications of radiotracers, sealed sources and NDT These publications include reports on current issues and activities such as technical meetings, the results of IAEA coordinated research projects, interim reports on IAEA projects, and educational material compiled for IAEA training courses dealing with radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical related subjects In some cases, these reports may provide supporting material relating to publications issued in the IAEA Radiation Technology Series All of these publications can be downloaded cost free from the IAEA web site: http://www.iaea.org/Publications/index.html Further information is available from: Marketing and Sales Unit International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria Readers are invited to provide feedback to the IAEA on these publications Information may be provided through the IAEA web site, by mail at the address given above, or by email to: Official.Mail@iaea.org NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE RESEARCH The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA NORWAY ALBANIA GREECE OMAN ALGERIA GUATEMALA PAKISTAN ANGOLA HAITI PALAU ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PANAMA ARMENIA HONDURAS PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PERU AUSTRIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AZERBAIJAN INDIA POLAND BAHRAIN INDONESIA PORTUGAL BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BELARUS IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELGIUM IRELAND ROMANIA BELIZE ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BENIN ITALY SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA JAMAICA SENEGAL BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SERBIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SEYCHELLES BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA KENYA SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SLOVAKIA BURUNDI KUWAIT SLOVENIA CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN LIBERIA SWEDEN REPUBLIC LIBYA SWITZERLAND CHAD LIECHTENSTEIN SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CHILE LITHUANIA TAJIKISTAN CHINA LUXEMBOURG THAILAND COLOMBIA MADAGASCAR THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CONGO MALAWI COSTA RICA MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALI TUNISIA CROATIA MALTA TURKEY CUBA MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA CYPRUS MAURITANIA UKRAINE CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM OF MONACO OF THE CONGO MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND DENMARK MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC ECUADOR MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA EGYPT MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EL SALVADOR NAMIBIA URUGUAY ERITREA NEPAL UZBEKISTAN ESTONIA NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA ETHIOPIA NEW ZEALAND VIETNAM FINLAND NICARAGUA YEMEN FRANCE NIGER ZAMBIA GABON NIGERIA ZIMBABWE GEORGIA GERMANY The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957 The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’ IAEA Radiation Technology Series No NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2011 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris) The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 2600 29302 tel.: +43 2600 22417 email: sales.publications@iaea.org http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2011 Printed by the IAEA in Austria September 2011 STI/PUB/1501 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Nuclear techniques for cultural heritage research — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2011 p ; 24 cm — (IAEA radiation technology series, ISSN 2220–7341 ; no 2) STI/PUB/1501 ISBN 978–92–0–114510–9 Includes bibliographical references Nuclear technology — Archaeology Cultural property — Valuation Radiocarbon dating — Archaeology I International Atomic Energy Agency II Series IAEAL 11–00686 FOREWORD Cultural heritage (‘national heritage’ or just ‘heritage’) is the legacy of physical artefacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and restored for the benefit of future generations Physical or ‘tangible cultural heritage’ includes buildings and historical places, monuments, artefacts, etc., that are considered worthy of preservation for the future These include preservation and conservation of objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specific culture Scientific studies of art and archaeology present a necessary complement for cultural heritage conservation, preservation and investigation As cultural heritage objects are frequently unique and non-replaceable, non-destructive techniques are mandatory and, hence, nuclear techniques have a high potential to be applied to study these valuable objects Nuclear techniques, such as neutron activation analysis (NAA), X ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis or ion beam analysis (IBA), have a potential for non-destructive and reliable investigation of precious materials, such as ceramics, stone, metal or pigments from paintings Such information can help to repair damaged objects adequately, distinguish fraudulent artefacts from real artefacts and assist archaeologists in the appropriate categorization of historical artefacts Although the application of scientific methods to art and archaeological materials has a long tradition, it is due to the stimulation of institutions such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IAEA that applications of natural science techniques are increasingly being accepted by museum curators and cultural heritage researchers The IAEA as a leading supporter of the peaceful use of nuclear technology assists laboratories in its Member States to apply and develop nuclear methods for cultural heritage research for the benefit of socioeconomic development in emerging economies The IAEA had in the past initiated several projects to support the application of nuclear techniques to cultural heritage investigations and, as a result of a recently completed coordinated research project (CRP) entitled “Applications of Nuclear Analytical Techniques to Investigate the Authenticity of Art Objects” and building upon the expertise of dedicated experts, decided to compile a technical publication to highlight the role of nuclear techniques in cultural heritage research This publication provides information that helps to disseminate knowledge and encourage nuclear analytical researchers to liaise with art historians, archaeologists or curators of museums and make their analytical techniques available for the scientific investigation of art and archaeology where descriptive methods are limited Following an introductory chapter, the second part of this book, prepared by dedicated experts in the field, describes particular fields of cultural heritage research and the third part provides an account of some of the participants’ work during the CRP, demonstrating the successful application of the principles described in the first part The attached CD contains the report of the CRP and participants’ contributions The IAEA wishes to thank all contributors to this publication for their valuable contributions, especially M Rossbach (Germany) for compiling and reviewing the book In particular, the encouragement by J.L Boutaine, the former Director of the Louvre Laboratories in France, has mediated further interest and encouragement to pursue this book project The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was M Haji-Saeid of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences EDITORIAL NOTE Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights Material prepared by authors who are in contractual relation with governments is copyrighted by the IAEA, as publisher, only to the extent permitted by the appropriate national regulations The IAEA has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this book and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate CONTENTS PART I: OVERVIEW CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historical development 1.2 Conservation/restoration 1.3 Provenancing 1.4 Dating 1.5 Authenticity verification 1.6 Scope of the book 10 References to Chapter 11 PART II: THE SCIENTIFIC METHODS USED IN CULTURAL HERITAGE RESEARCH CHAPTER CONSERVATION OF PAINTINGS E Pańczyk 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Painting, testing and conservation 19 2.2.1 Technological studies of paintings 21 2.2.2 Neutron induced autoradiography of paintings 25 2.2.3 Provenance of artistic materials 32 2.2.4 The 14C and 210Pb methods 34 2.3 Conclusions 36 References to Chapter 37 CHAPTER PROVENANCING OF POTTERY H Mommsen 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Principles of chemical provenancing of pottery 43 3.3 Elemental analysis methods 45 3.4 Neutron activation analysis and concentration data evaluation 45 3.5 Concentration data comparison and pattern recognition 49 3.5.1 Conventional methods 49 3.5.2 The ‘filter’ grouping procedure 53 3.6 Reference material 59 3.7 Example: Pottery from the Apollon sanctuary near Emecik village on the Knidian peninsula (Turkey) 60 3.7.1 Results of the chemical analyses 61 References to Chapter 68 CHAPTER DATING OF ARTEFACTS N Zacharias, Y Bassiakos 71 4.1 Introduction 71 4.2 Luminescence methodologies: Background 72 4.2.1 Dating applications 74 4.2.2 Techniques used for equivalent dose estimation 77 4.2.3 Thermoluminescence techniques 78 4.2.4 OSL techniques 80 4.2.5 Estimation of the dose rate 80 4.2.6 Additional considerations for luminescence based authenticity testing 82 4.3 Radiocarbon dating 86 4.3.1 General 86 4.3.2 Carbon-14 dating of ancient and historical iron 87 4.4 Conclusions 89 References to Chapter 90 CHAPTER AUTHENTICITY VERIFICATION OF JEWELLERY AND COINAGES M.F Guerra 93 5.1 Introduction 93 5.2 The case of precious metals 95 5.3 Studies on manufacturing techniques of jewellery 98 5.4 Combination of examination techniques 100 5.5 Measurement of tool marks 104 5.6 Provenancing gold and silver: Circulation in the past 109 5.7 Change of gold supplies: A medieval finger-ring 109 5.8 The provenance and circulation of silver: The mines of Potosi 110 5.9 The provenance and circulation of gold: The mines of Minas Gerais 113 References to Chapter 116