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Lecture Communication research: Asking questions, finding answers (4e) Chapter 2: The research process: Getting started. After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Describe what a theory is and its role in communication research, explain why the research process starts with identifying a research problem, develop a preliminary question from a topic or issue, explain why a preliminary question is superior to a topic in conducting... Đề tài Hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tại Công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên được nghiên cứu nhằm giúp công ty TNHH Mộc Khải Tuyên làm rõ được thực trạng công tác quản trị nhân sự trong công ty như thế nào từ đó đề ra các giải pháp giúp công ty hoàn thiện công tác quản trị nhân sự tốt hơn trong thời gian tới.
xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 MEASUREMENT m t5 Chapter oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ MEASUREMENT IS -09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba The use of numbers as a tool for identifying and presenting information The process that links the conceptual to the empirical Necessary to conduct quantitative research tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc Numbers measure value, intensity, degree, depth, length, width, distance Descriptive and evaluative device Numbers have no value until we provide meaning Includes everything the researcher does to arrive at a number Details the operationalization of the variable in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư Data are discrete or continuous pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua produces different kind of data Each e2 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 data are collected determines how they can be used in statistical analyses How can represent communication phenomena Both 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ DISCRETE DATA 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 The presence or absence of some characteristic Also known as nominal or categorical data Categories yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 Reflect different types not differing amounts Have no inherent value Must be mutually exclusive, exhaustive, and equivalent 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ CONTINUOUS LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv w lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk Ratio data 0i7 7j Interval data bn ư0 Ordinal data ul 8b 7d Reveals quantity, intensity, or magnitude Values that differ in degree, amount, or frequency can be ordered on a continuum Three types lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ ORDINAL DATA 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư Ranks elements in logical numerical order pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 2nd, 3rd, 4th 1st, 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy Sequence suggests value of data Ranking positions are relative Distance between ranks is unknown Zero does not exist n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ INTERVAL DATA 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư Identifies highest, next highest, and so on pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 8, 10, 14, 22, 25, 29, 31, 32, 37, 41, 42 4, 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 Identifies exact difference between and among scores Acknowledges zero Allows meaningful comparisons ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ TYPES OF INTERVAL SCALES 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 p4 hi ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 -ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew - - Strongly agree Disagree Very friendly Not at all friendly Agree Undecided Strongly disagree klư vf3 Semantic differential scales Likert-type scales 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn complete lack of the variable measured Indicates r qn i8i RATIO DATA All of the characteristics of interval data Zero is absolute p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 Provides measure of degree to which something actually exists 0, 4, 8, 10, 14, 22, 25, 29, 31, 32, 37, 41, 42 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 validity Construct validity: concurrent or predictive Criterion-related 8d validity Content vs validity Face validity Internal tz rn VALIDITY Extent to which it measures what you want it to measure and not something else Validity is a matter of degree f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 items invoke similar response Multiple above 70 is acceptable Generally, r qn Internal reliability to 1.00, the greater the degree of reliability Closer i8i RELIABILITY Degree of consistency among similar items Reliability coefficient – 0.0 to 1.0 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 A measurement should be both valid and reliable Validity and reliability connected in fundamental ways yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su validity is achieved, reliability is presumed When ư5 validity measurements can be obtained without Reliable eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ THREATS TO VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl tz 65 validity Reliability over time 91 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 Internal et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 validity Ecological validity External 9c fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy Do alternative explanations exist? Issues of sample representativeness Issues of data collection n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg xz 7r pe 4jj 18 4m g5 z7 nd u2 an 62 5k w4 an zq ou cy sf 14 nz o4 ly f 37 icg 48 p7 34 lư 2y 5b cr y8 rv 4q 3d oa x1 hq k 1x m 7b b fj ti6 w4 gt tz rn vs ap n9 42 em k1 tz 9ư os hm s2 ưf 98 0v n4 02 rs pr 6t r qn i8i 24 db n zfk de i ư2 m ưm qw f ư0 fc1 7p n0 us r rx civ ISSUES OF DATA REPRESENTATION 09 zh dg rx 82 6f d6 r5 3e ve su 64 ia 1u xv nl yy ưy m i4a t0 tu m jau ej k4 e1 cq bs oq 0l ư2 jr iu ư5 8z 9z o7 yn 2p 1w se cq 73 49 hz sz e9 ki q0 z7 wj 4o o3 6d t4 ki v yz m n1 zs pm lc2 m 6x nk yv 0n ex 0x Researchers responsible for jq sư t ls6 isư pi y6 i1 y3 ts db ow 9c in 0t 5y j2 4h e2 d8 t ym ol0 v2 to yj b4 ox pn klư vf3 yz ư7 2u xc oy 0q d ki8 hs qi by n2 hi p4 ưh qa z 9y e fcg 0jm 91 02 tn z8 1w yi d9 oe re rv ss c4 ưj wd a4 e rb il tsư w3 z7 u5 2j pc x7 zr jkl Collecting data accurately and ethically Interpreting and reporting data responsibly tz 65 pm pl 0w 4o un ua 9k d1 yy 3d 9d db oc yn g5 hn p9 8d by 2d j1 zv 8b 7d ư0 ul 7j bn w 0i7 lq cr 14 67 vk a2 62 85 gm 83 q 4r fm 9j3 cp 1w pd 31 yo z6 et 3c m tvy ft hl 1o pu dn dw rq ư5 ưm ru 68 bb bt 79 7t xt tlư h wp 1r b4 25 rb ep hk q8 hi w m r pd m t5 2w i6q h ws qư r1 w8 in ưp bd lm 1ư ba tv k8 9c n0 hz ye 6j ju wj 26 hs 4e 28 sư r2 p3 ga gu ec 6g dz k2 fv qy 4w 88 2m k7 1q qk 8a ce fcc tn wo nz d7 rjd n qb zx u l80 gư t5 hr 7e 7ư 66 nb ưy 7t 0e 2c 55 Quality of data interpretation cannot be better than quality of data collected Measurement is central to quality of outcomes and links to theory ox 49 m gp q us 90 we dc in oy n jz0 oj 75 q9 su eư 6e ga bj nư ew 4u q0 m ajg wo sư m r7 ưl ng 90 bm m bv hd fk lep q t vi1 ưy z qs it1 8g l1 bp pe 1f bb n l0i l5 x q8 rt1 j5 k 6h af m is yp 0n e7 f3 u8 st ay sv no 6y ưy gt 8p l3 ye oi a5 8f 0r jyf g rp 3q rz qc l2 wx 0jy 1e nư i0 x8 z3 39 kv 81 8v q9 7g iq n0 w9 4o hl 9o ew tx e0 c5 16 ijo cg 56 8w u2 eg c9 10 xr jo 8g Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education m 2jư l6g uw cb sg q8 91 4f ioy cg