1 I/CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF CONCESSION 1/Clause of concession Although Though Even though + CLAUSE Even if Much as Despite the fact that Inspite of the fact that 2/Pharse of concession Despite In spite of + N_PHARSE OR GERUND 3/No matter +wh =wh +ever +(adj) Whatever + S + V, S’ + V’ no matter how = however however +adj/adv +S +be/V, eg:a- He was ill but he still went to school. ->Although he was ill, he still went to school. ->He still went to school though he was ill. b- It is hot, they are working in the field. - Although it is hot, they are working in the field. c- She is lazy but she still gets good mark. Although she is lazy, she still gets good mark. d- The weather was cold but the boy went to school on time. Although the weather was cold, the boy went to school on time. e- He goes anywhere but he remembers his homeland. Although he goes anywhere, he remembers his homeland. http://kinhhoa.violet.vn 2 f- I live anywhere but I will contact you. Although I live anywhere, I will contact you g- He does anything. He does it carefully. Although he does anything, he does it carefully. h-Although you are good, you should do it carefully. ->No matter how good you are i- Though I love her so much, I will say good bye. Much as I love her, I will say goodbye. Cái much as này,trên violet có đưa ra câu sau: athough he is a good student,he failed the exam. Much good as he is,he failed the exam.ko bik sao nữa.chắc dùng để nhấn mạnh.ai bik jì thêm.nhớ comment cho nhá.thanks. Cũng có thể nhấn mạnh như thế này: Có thể nhấn mạnh cả tính từ và trạng từ Adj +as+ S+ to be, S+V Adv+as+S+V, S+V. eg:Though she is beautiful, nobody wants to make friend with her. = Beautiful as she is, nobody Sau đây là một bài tập nhỏ.Viết lại câu với từ gợi ý. 1.He ate all the fruits though they were green.(Despite) 2.In spite of Mary's sadness at losing the contest.she managed to smile.(although) 3.Though I am fond of music,I canot play any musical instrument.(Depite) 4.My grandfather is till an active man depite his age(however) 5.I did anything he wanted but he í only quiet.(whatever) Thanks for your time. II/CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF REASON 3/Clause of reason. Because 3 For As +CLAUSE Since (as và since đứng trứoc câu.) 4/Pharse of reason Because of Due to Owing to + NOUN PHRASE OR GERUND PHRASE. On acount of vài ví dụ: 1/We have to cut down our driving because we are short of oil -Because of our oil shortage Mary did not go to scholl yesterday because she was sick . → Mary did not go to school yesterday because of her sickness. I canot study because of the noise. → I canot study because it is noisy. Sau đây là bài tập.Viết lại câu với từ gợi ý. 1.Mr Ba cannot pronounce this English word correctly because of his lack of teeth.(For). 2.She went to bed early because she felt tired(Due to) 3.I like him for his parents are kind to me.(Owing to) 4.All newspapers was sold out immediatly because of an article baout famous singer.(On account of) 5.Jonh succeeded in his exam due to his hảd and methodical work.(Because) Chắc các bạn thấy bài trứoc dễ quá nên không làm.hihi.Nhưng mình cũng post đáp án vì không phải ai cũng có thể làm đúng.Nếu có gì sai sót,sửa giùm. 1.He ate all the fruits though they were green.(Despite) Despite their greenness,he ate all the fruits. 2.In spite of Mary's sadness at losing the contest.she managed to smile.(although) 4 Although Mary was sad about losing the contest,she managed to smile.(lưu ý chỗ này là:sadness+at còn sad+about) 3.Though I am fond of music,I canot play any the musical instrument.(Depite) Depite my interest in music,,I canot play any the musical instrument 4.My grandfather is till an active man depite his age(however) However old my grandfather is,he is till an active man . 5.I did anything he wanted but he is only quiet.(whatever) Whatever I did ,he is only quiet. Các dạng đặc biệt của câu điều kiện Khi nhắc đến câu điều kiện,chúng ta đều nghĩ ngay đến câu điều kiện dạng If.Nhưng bên cạnh đó,ta cũng có một số dạng đặc biệt của câu điều kiện.Hum nay mình sẽ post các dạng đặc biệt của câu điều kiện.Mong sẽ giúp ích được cho ai đó. III/SPECIAL CASES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCE 1.Or eg:Study hard or you will fail the exam.(=if you donot study hard you will fail the exam) 2. In case: Phòng khi + CLAUSE (dùng cho 2 loại câu điều kiện loại 1 và 2) eg: I always bring an umbrella in case it rains.(=I am always bring an umbrella because it may rain) 3.Provided that/Providing that/so long as/as long as: Miễn là + CLAUSE ( chỉ loại 1 ) eg: You can borrow my bike as long as you bring it back tomorrow.(=You can borrow my bike but you must bring it back tomorrow) 4.Suppose (that) / supposing (that)/ imagine (that) :Gỉa sử +CLAUSE(cả 3 loại đều dùng đụơc) eg: Suppose(that) you are wrong ,what will you do? 5 5. Without: Nếu ko có +Noun. eg:Without the air,we would die(= If there no air/not the air we would die) 6. But for=Unless=If…not:Nếu ko vì +Noun eg:But for the bad weather,the flight would have landed safely(= if it hadnot been gor the bad weather,the flight would have landed safely) 7. Otherwise:Neu ko +CLAUSE( lưu ý therwise chỉ đứng ở giữa câu) eg: If I hadnot taken the short cut ;otherwise I wouldnot have been late. 8. inversion(dao ngu): loại 1:Should + S + V Bare_inf loại 2: Were + S + ……… loại 3: Had + S + V PP 9. Loại câu điều kiện hỗn hợp(fixed type) lấy cái ví dụ rùi xem nghen,co jì thắc mắc commment. eg:If I hadnot stayed up too late last night,I wouldnot be tired now Với mỗi vế của câu điều kiện dạng hỗn hợp,bạn chia theo từng thì của nó.chứ ko có jì cả.đơngiản wá.ko hỉu thì nhắn nhen,hic. 10. Mệnh lệnh. eg: donot tell him that if you see him. Mấy dạng này quan trọng là nhớ ví dụ để làm chứ ko cân phải học IV/Clause after it’s time/it’s high time/as if/as though/would rather. It ‘s time It’s high time + S + V2 (were cho tất cả các ngôi) (đã đến lúc) Eg: It’s time we studied hard.(đã đến lúc chúng ta phải học hành chăm chỉ). 6 Ta còn có thể sử dụng dạng dưói đây(ko thay đổi về ý nghĩa). It ‘s time It’s high time + For + O + To_inf Eg: It’s time for us to study hard. S + V + As if As though + S + V2 (were cho tất cả các ngôi) (như thể) Eg: She acts as if she were rich.(Cô ta làm như thể mình giàu lắm). She shows as though she studied well. S + V 2 + As if As though + S + Had + VPP (như thể) Eg: The boy told about the accident as if he had seen it.(thằng bé kể về tai nạn như thể nó đã chứng kiến hết). He ate as if he had been hungry for a longtime.(Anh ta ăn như thể không ăn lâu lắm). Would rather :mong muốn.Với wouldrather cách sử dụng thì rắc rối hơn. Mong muốn ở tuơng lai. S + Would rather + (that) + S + (not) + VBare_inf VBare_inf : ko chia đối với tất cả các ngôi(phủ định thêm not) ko muợn trợ động từ. Eg: I would rather he not come tonight.(Mong anh ấy đừng đến tối nay) § Mong muốn ở hiện tại. S + Would rather + (that) + S + V2 (were cho tất cả các ngôi) Eg: I would rather we did not study now. I would rather that it were in winter now.(Tôi mong giờ ko phải là mùa đông). § Mong muốn ở quá khứ. S + Would rather + (that) + S + Had + VPP Eg: I would rather we had stayed at home last week. 7 I would rather that she had phoned me last night. Ngoài ra ta còn có thể sử dụng would rather để diễn tả ý định. § Diễn tả ý định ở hiện tại hoặc tuơng lai. S + Would rather + VBare_inf ……….Than + VBare_inf Eg: I would rather watch TV than listen to music. I would rather not go out tonight. § Diễn tả ý định trong quá khứ. S + Would rather + (not) + Have + VPP Eg: I would rather not have gone to your party last night. I would rather have had got it the day before V/SPECIAL CASES OF PASSICE VOICE I. Passive with:say,think,assume,report,believe,find,know,… . Ative: S1 + V1 + That + S2 + V2 Passive: It + Be + V1(PP) + That + S2 + V2 S2 + Be + V1(PP) + To_V2(inf):cùng thì/To have+V2(pp) :khác thì Eg: 1.People say he is a dangerous criminal. It is said that he is a dangerous criminal. He is said to be a dangerous criminal. 2.He reported that he had stolen my car. It was reported that he had stolen my car. He was reported to have stolen my car. II.Passive with:các động từ tri giác. Ative: Feel,smell,hear,see,look,taste +V(Bare/Gerund) Passive:Feel,smell,hear,see,look,taste + To_V(inf) Eg: I saw the woman come into the room. The woman was seen to come into the room. 8 III.Passive with :let,help,make Ative: Let,help,make + V(Bare/Gerund) Passive: Let,help,make + To_V(inf) Eg: She makes him to study all the time. He is made to study all the time. IV.Imperative sentence.:Cái này mình lấy ví dụ thôi.Mình nghĩ bạn sẽ hiểu. Eg: Open your book! Let your book be open. V.Passive with:begin,continue Eg:She began to write this novel 3 years ago. This novel began to be written 3 years ago. VI.Passive with:advise,beg,order,urge,agree,decide,… Cái này mình cũng lấy ví dụ. Eg:She advised me to sell this old car. She advised me that this old car should be sold. VII.Passive with:Causative form(dạng nhờ vả) Ative: : S + Have/ Get + O(người) + V(Bare)/ To_V(inf) Passive: S + Have/ Get + O(người) + V(pp) +(by+O vật) Eg: I had the porter bring my luggage to the upstair. I had my luggage brought to the )upstair by the porter). Lưu ý đối với Need: S(người) + Need + To_V(inf) :chủ động S(vật) V_ing hoặc to be+V(pp) :bị động VI/Sự hoà hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ.(Subject and Verb Agreement) Plural:số nhiều Singular:số ít Countable:đếm được Uncountable:không đếm được N:Noun 9 V:Verb 1.S1 + and + S2 +V(plural) (S1,S2: Countable) Eg:She and I are teachers. S1 + and + S2 +V(singular) (S1,S2: Uncountable) Eg:Butter and Cheese is fat food. 2.Neither/Either/Not only + S1 + nor/or/but aslo + S2 + V2 Eg:Neither you nor I am wrong 3.S1+ with/along with/as well as/together with/accompanied by(cùng với) + S2 +V1 EG:The manager accompanied by his friends is going to the meeting tonight. 4.Each/Every + N(Singular) + V (Singular) Each of/Every of + N(plural) + V (Singular) Eg:Each of my students has two books. 5.N1 + prep(giới từ) + N2 + V1 Eg:A box of cigarettes contains 20 cigars. 6.S(gerund/that +clause) + V (Singular) Eg:Swimming is good for our health. That you study hard makes your parents happy. 7.S(The+Adj) + V(plural) Eg:The rich arenot always happy. 8.A number of (một số) + N(plural) + V(plural) The number of (tổng số) + N(plural) + V(Singular) Eg:A number of students in this class comes from the North. The number of teachers in this school are 45. 9.S(time/money/distance(khoảng cách)) + V(Singular) Eg:With me money is all.hehe. 10.S(indifinitive pronoun) + V(Singular) Eg:Someone is standing over there. 10 11.S(đối với một số từ tận cùng là “s”) + V(Singular) Eg:News is hot. 12.A largenumber of = Many A great deal = Much VII/ Inversion and Emplasic(đảo ngữ và nhấn mạnh) 1/ Inversion:là dạng câu nhấn mạnh bằng cách đem trạng từ,cụm trạng từ đặt đầu câu.Sau đó đảo vị trí giữa chủ ngữ và động từ. Đối với tobe,khiếm khuyết,have:đảo lên trước chủ ngữ. Đối với động từ thùơng:mượn trợ động từ do/does/did thích hợp để đảo ngữ lên trước chủ ngữ. Eg: 1.I have never seen a ghost in my life. Never in my life have I seen a ghost. 2.She is no longer busy with her children. No longer is she busy with her children. 3.He rarely does he visits me at night. Rarely does he visits me at night. Các trạng từ thường đứng đầu trong câu đảo ngữ: Never,rarely,seldom,no sooner…than,hardly…when,barely….when,only+if/when/then/later,little,under no circumstances,on no account,at no time,in no way,on no condition,not until,not only,…. Đảo ngữ với so/such…that. 1.Ta sử dụng biện pháp đảo ngữ với so và tính từ khi động từ chính là động từ tobe. Eg:So devasting were the floods that some ares may never recover. 2.Đảo ngữ với such dùng với to be có nghĩa tương đương với so much,so great. Eg:Such was the force of storm that trees were uprooted. Biện pháp đảo ngữ này chỉ được sử dụng khi so và such đặt ở đầu mệnh đề. 2/ Emplasic Verb: Eg:I love you. I do love you. Subject or Object: ta dùng đại từ phản thân ngay sau chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ. I love you yourself. I myself love you. It is/was………………that/who… (chính là…….mà) Eg:Tom gave me a bunch of roses on my birthday It was Tom who gave me a bunch of roses on my birthday. . Đảo ngữ với so/such…that. 1.Ta sử dụng biện pháp đảo ngữ với so và tính từ khi động từ chính là động từ tobe. Eg:So devasting were the floods that some ares may never recover. 2.Đảo ngữ. Đối với tobe,khiếm khuyết,have:đảo lên trước chủ ngữ. Đối với động từ thùơng:mượn trợ động từ do/does/did thích hợp để đảo ngữ lên trước chủ ngữ. Eg: 1.I have never seen a ghost in my life Biện pháp đảo ngữ này chỉ được sử dụng khi so và such đặt ở đầu mệnh đề. 2/ Emplasic Verb: Eg:I love you. I do love you. Subject or Object: ta dùng đại từ phản thân ngay sau chủ ngữ hoặc