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môn ) I will not tell anyone else about your secret. (Tôi hứa) Tôi sẽ không nói cho ai biết về bí mật của bạn. Khi muốn diễn tả một dự đoán về tương lai. Ex: It will rain tomorrow bụng quá. Tôi sẽ tự đi làm cho mình cái bánh mì xăng uých. Khi muốn diễn tả một lời hứa, một
Chapter 5: Data for Economics and Business Researches 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 5.1 Gaining access 5.2 Strategies for gaining access Access to data 5.3 Research ethics 5.4 Ethical issues during the specific stages of the research process 5.5 Principles of data protection and data management 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn There are different types of access to data: • Traditional access- this may refer to face-to-face interaction, conversations, correspondence or visiting data archives 5.1 Gaining access • Internet-mediated access – this involves the use of a computer, or computer technologies such as the Web, email and webcams to be able to gain access to questionnaires, discussions, experiments or interviews or to gather secondary data • Intranet-mediated access – a variant of internetmediated access where one gains virtual access as an organizational employee or worker using its intranet • Hybrid access – this type of access combines traditional and internet-mediated approaches 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 5.1 Gaining access • The levels of access may vary because they depend on the nature and depth of the access one wishes to achieve physical, continuing and cognitive access • Physical access may be difficult because it not all organizations are prepared to engage in activities which are not necessary for them, since time and effort is required • Sometimes the gatekeeper (the person who keeps data and decides who may have access to it) does not allow people to undertake the research (because the organization does not receive value from it or the topic is too sensitive) 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 5.1 Gaining access • Many people see access to data as a continuing process and not just one single event One of the two reasons for this is that access may be an iterative and incremental process • After gaining access to one particular set of data one might seek further to achieve other data in order to conduct another part of the research Another reason why access is a continuing process is because those people from whom one needs to collect data may be different to those who agreed to your request for access • Physical access to data from of an organization will be granted in a formal manner, though an organizations management Therefore, it is useful to gain trust from the organizational members This type of access is named cognitive access 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 5.1 Gaining access 12/4/2023 • Negotiating access - Negotiating access is likely to be an important if one wishes to gain personal entry to an organization and to be able to have cognitive access to allow one to connect the necessary data • Therefore, it is important to consider the project’s feasibility (determine whether it is practicable to negotiate access for a research project) and sufficiency (whether one is able to gain sufficient access to fulfil the research objectives) V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 5.1 Gaining access • Issues of being an external researcher - Researchers need to negotiate access at each level: physical, continuing and cognitive Because an external researcher lacks status in an organization or group in which he wishes to conduct research he will face difficulties at every level of access Therefore, external researchers rely on the goodwill of the organizational members To be able to gain goodwill from members a researcher needs to be able to communicate his competence and integrity and explain the importance of his research project clearly and precisely 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 5.1 Gaining access • Issues of being an internal/participant researcher -Even though an internal or participant researcher is familiar with the organization and vice versa, he is still likely to face problems of access to data The status of an internal/participant researcher who wishes to gain cognitive access could cause suspicions This is because other organizational members may not know what the internal/participant researcher will with the data Here it is also important for the researcher to be able to communicate the purpose of his research 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 5.2 Strategies for gaining access • This section will discuss the different strategies one could use to obtain access to data for traditional as well as internet-mediated means The applicability of these strategies will differ in relation to the researcher’s status as an internal or external researcher: • Familiarity with the group and sufficient time • Providing clear account of requirements for participators • Overcoming organizational concerns • Possible benefits to organization granting access and using suitable language • Facilitating replies, developing access, and establishing credibility 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 5.2 Strategies for gaining access • Familiarity with the group and sufficient time: • Before trying to obtain physical access, it is very important for a researcher to familiarize himself with the organization or group • It may take a lot of time (weeks or even months) before physical access could be gained (if access is even granted at all) • This is the reason why a researcher needs to plan sufficient time for the data access part of a research project One also needs to consider the time needed for a participant to respond to the request of participating in a research • Using existing contacts and/or developing new ones - When a researcher can use existing contacts it is easier to gain access Because these contacts have knowledge of the researcher means that they can trust him and his intentions and are therefore likely to gain access to the data 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 10 5.2 Strategies for gaining access • Providing clear account of requirements for participators: • Researchers need to be aware that they provide a clear report of their requirements to allow their participants to know what will be asked of them • Without clear requirements, participants may act cautious since the required amount of time they have to put in their participation may seem to be disruptive • This is why an introductory letter to the participants will have to provide them with an outline and goal of the research and what the participants will have to 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 11 5.2 Strategies for gaining access • Overcoming organizational concerns: Organizations may be concerned about: • The amount of time or resources involved in the request for access - the less the better • The sensitivity about the topic - negative implications are less likely to lead to granting access, thus highlight positive approach • The confidentiality of the data and the anonymity of the organisation need to be ensured 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 12 5.2 Strategies for gaining access • Possible benefits to organization granting access and using suitable language: • Organizations and their members may find it helpful to discuss their own situation in a non-threatening, non-judgmental environment • Therefore, it may be helpful to provide a summary report of one’s findings to those who grant access • One should also be aware that the use of language is important and should depend on nature of people who participate 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 13 5.2 Strategies for gaining access • Facilitating replies, developing access, and establishing credibility: • Different contact methods could be used to write requests for access (phone, skype, fax, email), but these may not be suitable in all cases • When using an incremental strategy (from minimum requirements of participants to more requirements) one can obtain access to a certain level of data and a positive relationship with participants will rise • As one establishes credibility, he can develop the possibility of achieving a fuller level of access 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 14 5.5 Principles of data protection and data management • In order to manage data ethically and lawfully one should consider the principles of data protection and data management • Personal data are data that relate to a living individual which allow that person to be identified, maybe in combination with other sorts of information known to the controller of the data • Anyone who controls this type of data is subject to provisions of data protection legislation of the country one lives in • The list below provides a summary of a couple of principles a researcher should consider 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 15 5.5 Principles of data protection and data management Personal data should be: • Processed fairly and lawfully • Adequate and relevant • Obtained for specified explicit and lawful purposes • Accurate and up-to-date where necessary • Kept no longer than necessary • Kept securely • Processed in accordance with the rights for data subject by the Act • Not transferred to a country outside the European Economic Area 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 16 5.5 Principles of data protection and data management • A further category of personal data, known as sensitive personal data, covers information about a participant’s racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious beliefs, physical/mental health, sexual life or any proceedings or sentence related to an alleged offence 12/4/2023 V.T.P.Mai- FIE- maivp@ftu.edu.vn 17