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HẦN TỐC CHINH PHỤC NGỮ PHÁP BÙI VĂN VINH TẬP 2 (FILE WORD) (CÓ ĐÁP ÁN ĐÍNH KÈM) CONTENT Topic 16 Mệnh đề trạng ngữ Topic 17 Liên từ Topic 18 Từ nối Topic 19 So sánh Topic 20 Mạo từ Topic 21 Giới từ Topic 22 Sự kết hợp từ loại với giới từ Topic 23 Từ chỉ số lượng Topic 24 Đảo ngữ Topic 25 Ngữ âm Topic 26 Giao tiếp Topic 27 Cụm động từ Topic 28 Cụm từ cố đinh Topic 29 Idioms Topic 30 Đồng nghĩa và trái nghĩa TOPIC 16. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ) PART 1. GRAMMAR Clause of Concession (Mệnh đề tương phản) Although: mặc dù Cấu trúc 1 Although Though Even though + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 Example: Although he has plenty of money, he doesn’t spend much. = He doesn’t spend much although he has plenty of money. Chú ý: Although: dùng trong văn phong trang trọng. Though: dùng trong vân phong thân một. Even though: dùng để nhấn mạnh, mang nghĩa “thậm chí”. “Though” có thể đứng ở cuối câu, tách ra bởi dấu phẩy, mang nghĩa “tuy nhiên”. Example: She has a driving licence. She rarely drives, though. Cấu trúc 2 Khi chủ ngữ trong 2 mệnh đề giống nhau (S1 = S2), động từ (V) trong mệnh đề chứa liên từ là “to be” Có thể lược bỏ “to be” và “ S” trong mệnh đề chứa liên từ. Although Though Even though + S1 + to be + N Adj PII, S2 + V2 = Although Though Even though + N Adj PII, S2 + V2 Examples: Although she was a disabled girl, she felt confident in the sport. = Although a disabled girl, she felt confident in the sport. Though he was intelligent, he couldn’t find the solutions to this problem. = Though intelligent, he couldn’t find the solutions to this problem. He continued keep silent even though he was badly treated. = He continued keep silent even though badly treated. Despite in spite of: mặc dù Cấu trúc 1 Despite In spite of + VingN, S + V Examples: In spite of feeling ill, she came to work. = She came to work in spite of feeling ill. Despite her beautiful voice, she never became a singer. = She never became a singer despite her beautiful voice. Cấu trúc 2 Despite In spite of + the fact that + S1 + V2, S2 + V2 S1 + V1, despite in spite of + this, S2 + V2 Example: Despite the fact that we had an appointment, the man didn’t show up. = The man didn’t show up despite the fact that we had an appointment. Laura is poor, despite this, she is happy with her life. Much as Much though: mặc dù Although + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 = Much as Much though + S1 + V2, S2 + V2 Chú ý: Although = even though = though = much as = much though Example: Although I admired him, I couldn’t accept his behavior. = Much asmuch though I admired him, I couldn’t accept his behavior. But While Whereas: tuy nhiên S1 + V1 + (,) but + S2 + V2 = S1 + V1, while whereas + S2 + V2 Example: I like travelling by plane, while whereas my sister doesn’t. = I like travelling by plane but my sister doesn’t. AdjAdv + as though: mặc dù (cấu trúc nhấn mạnh) Although + S1 + V1 + adj adv, S2 + V2 = AdjAdv + asthough + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 Examples: Although she is beautiful, she can’t get married. = Beautiful as though she is, she can’t get married. Although I ran quickly, I couldn’t catch up with her. = Quickly as though I ran, I couldn’t catch up with her. Emphatic form: cấu trúc nhấn mạnh mang nghĩa “mặc dù, cho dù“ Although + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 = V(bare infinitive) + as + S1 + auxiliary, S2 + V2 Example: Although he tried, he didn’t succeed. = Try as he did, he didn’t succeed. No matter...: mặc dù..., cho dù... thế nào đi nữa Cấu trúc 1 No matter how + adj adv + S + V = However + adj adv + S + V Examples: However hard she tries, she never manages to finish her work on time. = No matter how hard she tries, she never manages to finish her work on time. However intelligent he is, he can’t solve this matter. = No matter how intelligent he is, he can’t solve this matter. Cấu trúc 2 No matter what + S + V = Whatever+ S + V Example: Whatever he says, nobody believes him anymore. = No matter what he says, nobody believes him anymore. Clause of Reason (Mệnh đề nguyên nhân) Because: bởi vì Because + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 Example: Because Jack is a good man, I love him. = I love Jack because he is a good man. Since: bởi vì SinceAsNow that Given that On the grounds that + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 Example: As the weather is fine, we decide to go for a walk. Now that the kids grow up, you should teach them how to behave properly. For: bởi vì S1 + V1, for S2 + V2 Example: I was waiting for him, for he was going to bring me some news. Because of: bởi vì Cấu trúc 1 Because ofOn account of In view of + Ving N, S + V Example: Because of the heavy rain, we couldn’t go out. = We couldn’t go out because of the heavy rain. Cấu trúc 2 Example: Because of the fact that it rained heavily, we couldn’t go out. = We couldn’t go out because of the fact that it rained heavily. Owing to Due to Thanks to: bởi vì, do, nhờ vào Cấu trúc 1 Owing to bởi vì Due to + Ving N, S + V do, tại (nguyên nhân xấu) Thanks to nhờ vào, nhờ có Examples: Owing to his illness, he could not continue with his studies. Due to snowing heavily, all flights to Oslo were cancelled yesterday. Thanks to her help, I could get good marks. Cấu trúc 2 Owing to bởi vì Due to the fact that S1 + V1, S2 + V2 do, tại (nguyên nhân xấu) Thanks to nhờ vào, nhờ có Examples: Owing to the fact that he was ill, he could not continue with his studies. Due to the fact that it snowed heavily, all flights to Oslo were cancelled yesterday. Clause of Result (Mệnh đề kết quả) Such ... that Cấu trúc 1 S1+ V1 + such + (aan) + (adj) + N + that + S2 +V2 Example: He was such a wise man that everyone respected him. I met such nice people that we got to know each other very quickly. Cấu trúc 2 S1 + V1 + such + a lot of + N + that + S2 + V2 Example: This car costs such a lot of money that we’re considering buying it. So ... that Cấu trúc 1 S1+ V1 + so + adjadv + that + S2 +V2 Example: The fog was so thick that we couldn’t see the street. Cấu trúc 2 It + be + so + adj + aan + N + that + S2 + V2 Example: It was so boring a film that I nearly fell asleep. Cấu trúc 3 S1+ V1 + so + many muchfewlittle + (N) + that + S2 + V2 Example: He had made so many mistakes that he had to write his essay again. James drank so much that he couldn’t control his behaviour. Too ...to (quá... để) Cấu trúc 1 S + be + too + Adj + (for SB) + to V Example: This exercise is too difficult for me to do. Cấu trúc 2 S + V + too + Adv + (for SB) + to V Example: The thief ran too fast for us to catch up with. Enough ... to (Đủ ... để) Cấu trúc 1 S + be + Adj + enough + (for SB) +to V Example: This house isn’t big enough for US to stay in. Cấu trúc 2 S + V + Adv + enough + (for SB) + to V Example: Our team didn’t train enough to fight against our opponent. Cấu trúc 3 S + V + enough + N + (for SB) + to V Example: Luckily, I have enough money to buy this laptop. So Therefore: vì vậy S1 + V1, so therefore + (S2) + V2 = S2 + V2 + and so therefore + (S2) + V2 Example: He had enough qualifications, so he got the job. She’s only 17 and therefore not eligible to vote. As a result of consequence of... Cấu trúc 1 As a result of As a consequence of + Ving N, S + V: vì ... nên ... Example: As a result of his repeated mistakes, he lost his job. Cấu trúc 2 S + V + as a result of as a consequence of + Ving N: là kết quả, hậu quả của ... Example: He lost his job as a result of his repeated mistakes. Clause of Purpose (Mệnh đề mục đích) Full infinitive: để... S + V + (not) to V + O Example: I just called to offer you a good job. I get up early not to go to school late. In order to So as to: để... Dùng khi một chủ ngữ thực hiện hai hành động. S + V + so as (not) to in order (not) to + V Example: We’re saving money in order to buy a new bike. He walked quietly so as not to wake up the baby. So that in order that: để ... Dùng khi hai chủ ngữ thực hiện hai hành động khác nhau. Hiện tại, tương lai: S + V + so that + S + canmaywill + V Quá khứ: S + V + so that + S + couldmightwould + V Example: He whispered his secret to me so that nobody else could hear it. Please close the door so that the cat can’t come in. With a view to, ...: nhằm mục đích, mục tiêu S + V + with a view to with the aim of with the intention of + (not) Ving Example: Jim studies hard with a view to getting a scholarship. They tried to study hard with the aim of not failing the final exam. For: để... Dùng để đưa ra dự định của cá nhân; mục đích sử dụng của vật. S + V + for + Ving N Example: Tony went to the pub for a drink. I use the electric knife for cutting meat. For fear: vì sợ ... Cấu trúc 1 For fear of + N Ving, S + V: Vì sợ Example: For fear of waking the guards, we spoke guietly. = We spoke guietly for fear of waking the guards. Cấu trúc 2 For fear (that) + S1 + V1, S2 + V2: Vì sợ rằng... Example: For fear that he got bad marks, he tried hard to study. = He tried hard to study for fear that he got bad marks. Clause of Time (Mệnh đề thời gian) Hai cấu trúc cơ bân của mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian: Adverb + S1 +V1, S2 + V2 Mệnh đề thời gian, Mệnh đề chính S2 +V2 + adverb + S1 + V1 Mệnh đề chính + mệnh đề thời gian Sự phối hợp giữa động từ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian: WHEN (khi) QKĐ when QKĐ The light turned on when I came into the room. TLĐHTĐ when QKĐ I’ll phone you when I arrive at the airport. QKTD when QKĐ Jane was talking on the phone when I arrived. QKHT when QKĐ Tony had already eaten dinner when she called. WHILE AS (trong khi) QKĐ whileas QKTD I met my old friend while I was walking home. QKTD while QKTD I was reading books while Laura was playing the violin. BEFORE (trước khi) QKHT before QKĐ I had left before Lucy came. QKĐ before QKĐ I left before Lucy came. AFTER (sau khi) QKĐ after QKĐ She got a job after she had graduated. TLĐTLHT after HTĐ She’ll get a job after she graduates. BY THE TIME (vào lúc) QKHT after QKĐ Sam had already left by the time we arrived. TLHT after HTĐ We’ll have finished our work by the time he comes here. UNTIL TILL (cho đến khi) QKĐ untiltill QKĐ I stayed there until my brother finished his work. TLĐHTĐ untiltill HTĐ I’ll wait till my brother finishes his work. SINCE (kể từ khi) HTHT since QKĐ I haven’t seen Jose since she moved to America. AS SOON ASONCE (ngay sau khi) TLĐHTĐ as soon asonce HTĐHTHT I will leave as soon as it stops raining. QKĐ as soon asonce QKĐ As soon as I left the house, it burned. WHENEVER EVERYTIME (bất kể khi nào) HTĐ whenevereverytime HTĐ She cries whenever I see her. QKĐ whenevereverytime QKĐ We listened to music everytime we felt tired. NO SOONER...THAN HARDLY...WHEN No sooner + had + S + PII + than S + Vpast No sooner had I arrived home than Jack called me. Hardly + had + S + PII + than S + Vpast Hardly had I arrived home when Jack called me. PART 2. PRACTICE A. CONSTRUCTEDRESPONSE (Tự luận) Exercise 1: Fill in although though despite in spite of. 1. She went out ________ she was tired. 2. ________ the snow, she went downtown. 3. She managed to do her homework ________ it was very difficult. 4. She didn’t have much money, she enjoyed window shopping, ________. 5. The stores are full of shoppers ________ the crisis. 6. We really want to go to Pizza Company ________ it’s a bit late. 7. ________ the fact that he worked hard, he couldn’t afford to buy a new house. 8. ________ she loved him, she couldn’t stand his behavior. 9. She bought the expensive dress ________ she was aware that she wouldn’t be able to pay for other things for the rest of the month. 10. They are very rich, they are really mean, ________. Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences using the word in brackets. 1. She kept trying even though she was aware she wouldn’t win. (In spite of) ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Despite having a terrible headache, my mom finished marking the students’ papers. (Although) ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. Anna has caught a cold; however, she didn’t say anything to her mom. (Despite) ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. In spite of the heat, I took my coat. (fact) ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. I tried to convince her. I didn’t succeed, though. (Although) ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. She kept writing even though she knew she wouldn’t finish her essay in time. (In spite of) ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. Despite being famous, she acted like a normal person. (Although) ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. Poor as Mary was, she tried to raise her child. (Though) ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. Although it was raining, I didn’t take an umbrella. (Despite) ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. I don’t like horror films, but I went to the cinema anyway. (Although) ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3: Rewrite the Following sentences using the word in brackets. 1. David is very rich, but he isn’t happy. (though) ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. He often tells lies, but many people still believe him. (although) ___________________________________________________________________________ 3. When bad things happen, she always keeps calm. (despite) ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Although it got dark, we continued with our work. (much) ___________________________________________________________________________ 5. They drove home although the weather was bad. (however) ___________________________________________________________________________ 6. Although many people know the harm of smoking, they can’t give it up. (spite) ___________________________________________________________________________ 7. He was not successful though he tried hard. (no matter) ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. Laura was ill, she still went to the conference yesterday. (fact) ___________________________________________________________________________ 9. In spite of working overtime, Jack wasn’t paid enough money. (although) ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. The little girl plays the piano very skillfully, few people vote for her. (as) ___________________________________________________________________________ Exercise 4: Fill in because because of. 1. Mary doesn’t want to go out with her friend tonight __________ her flu. 2. I don’t eat bananas __________ I don’t like them. 3. The streets were crowded yesterday __________ the concert. 4. We couldn’t sleep __________ the noise outside. 5. All the flights were delayed __________ the heavy storm. 6. I think I should get a taxi __________ I am in a hurry now. 7. Anna feels sick __________ she ate too much cake. 8. My mother is always complaining __________ the untidiness of my room. 9. All the passengers felt tired __________ the long journey. 10. We decided to leave early __________ the film was boring.
CONTENT Topic 16 Mệnh đề trạng ngữ Topic 17 Liên từ Topic 18 Từ nối Topic 19 So sánh Topic 20 Mạo từ Topic 21 Giới từ Topic 22 Sự kết hợp từ loại với giới từ Topic 23 Từ số lượng Topic 24 Đảo ngữ Topic 25 Ngữ âm Topic 26 Giao tiếp Topic 27 Cụm động từ Topic 28 Cụm từ cố đinh Topic 29 Idioms Topic 30 Đồng nghĩa trái nghĩa TOPIC 16 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (Mệnh đề trạng ngữ) PART GRAMMAR Clause of Concession (Mệnh đề tương phản) Although: Cấu trúc Although / Though / Even though + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 Example: Although he has plenty of money, he doesn’t spend much = He doesn’t spend much although he has plenty of money Chú ý: Although: dùng văn phong trang trọng Though: dùng vân phong thân Even though: dùng để nhấn mạnh, mang nghĩa “thậm chí” “Though” đứng cuối câu, tách dấu phẩy, mang nghĩa “tuy nhiên” Example: She has a driving licence She rarely drives, though Cấu trúc Khi chủ ngữ mệnh đề giống (S1 = S2), động từ (V) mệnh đề chứa liên từ “to be” Có thể lược bỏ “to be” “ S” mệnh đề chứa liên từ Although / Though / Even though + S1 + to be + N/ Adj/ PII, S2 + V2 = Although / Though / Even though + N/ Adj/ PII, S2 + V2 Examples: Although she was a disabled girl, she felt confident in the sport = Although a disabled girl, she felt confident in the sport Though he was intelligent, he couldn’t find the solutions to this problem = Though intelligent, he couldn’t find the solutions to this problem He continued keep silent even though he was badly treated = He continued keep silent even though badly treated Despite / in spite of: Cấu trúc Despite / In spite of + Ving/N, S + V Examples: In spite of feeling ill, she came to work = She came to work in spite of feeling ill Despite her beautiful voice, she never became a singer = She never became a singer despite her beautiful voice Cấu trúc Despite / In spite of + the fact that + S1 + V2, S2 + V2 S1 + V1, despite / in spite of + this, S2 + V2 Example: Despite the fact that we had an appointment, the man didn’t show up = The man didn’t show up despite the fact that we had an appointment Laura is poor, despite this, she is happy with her life Much as / Much though: Although + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 = Much as / Much though + S1 + V2, S2 + V2 Chú ý: Although = even though = though = much as = much though Example: Although I admired him, I couldn’t accept his behavior = Much as/much though I admired him, I couldn’t accept his behavior But / While / Whereas: nhiên S1 + V1 + (,) but + S2 + V2 = S1 + V1, while / whereas + S2 + V2 Example: I like travelling by plane, while /whereas my sister doesn’t = I like travelling by plane but my sister doesn’t Adj/Adv + as / though: (cấu trúc nhấn mạnh) Although + S1 + V1 + adj / adv, S2 + V2 = Adj/Adv + as/though + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 Examples: Although she is beautiful, she can’t get married = Beautiful as /though she is, she can’t get married Although I ran quickly, I couldn’t catch up with her = Quickly as /though I ran, I couldn’t catch up with her Emphatic form: cấu trúc nhấn mạnh mang nghĩa “mặc dù, cho dù“ Although + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 = V(bare infinitive) + as + S1 + auxiliary, S2 + V2 Example: Although he tried, he didn’t succeed = Try as he did, he didn’t succeed No matter : , cho dù Cấu trúc No matter how + adj/ adv + S + V = However + adj/ adv + S + V Examples: However hard she tries, she never manages to finish her work on time = No matter how hard she tries, she never manages to finish her work on time However intelligent he is, he can’t solve this matter = No matter how intelligent he is, he can’t solve this matter Cấu trúc No matter what + S + V = Whatever+ S + V Example: Whatever he says, nobody believes him anymore = No matter what he says, nobody believes him anymore Clause of Reason (Mệnh đề nguyên nhân) Because: Because + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 Example: Because Jack is a good man, I love him = I love Jack because he is a good man Since: Since/As/Now that Given that/ On the grounds that + S1 + V1, S2 + V2 Example: As the weather is fine, we decide to go for a walk Now that the kids grow up, you should teach them how to behave properly For: S1 + V1, for S2 + V2 Example: I was waiting for him, for he was going to bring me some news Because of: Cấu trúc Because of/On account of/ In view of + Ving / N, S + V Example: Because of the heavy rain, we couldn’t go out = We couldn’t go out because of the heavy rain Cấu trúc Example: Because of the fact that it rained heavily, we couldn’t go out = We couldn’t go out because of the fact that it rained heavily Owing to / Due to / Thanks to: vì, do, nhờ vào Cấu trúc Owing to Due to Thanks to Examples: + Ving / N, S + V do, (nguyên nhân xấu) nhờ vào, nhờ có Owing to his illness, he could not continue with his studies Due to snowing heavily, all flights to Oslo were cancelled yesterday Thanks to her help, I could get good marks Cấu trúc Owing to Due to Thanks to Examples: the fact that S1 + V1, S2 + V2 do, (nguyên nhân xấu) nhờ vào, nhờ có Owing to the fact that he was ill, he could not continue with his studies Due to the fact that it snowed heavily, all flights to Oslo were cancelled yesterday Clause of Result (Mệnh đề kết quả) Such that Cấu trúc S1+ V1 + such + (a/an) + (adj) + N + that + S2 +V2 Example: He was such a wise man that everyone respected him I met such nice people that we got to know each other very quickly Cấu trúc S1 + V1 + such + a lot of + N + that + S2 + V2 Example: This car costs such a lot of money that we’re considering buying it So that Cấu trúc S1+ V1 + so + adj/adv + that + S2 +V2 Example: The fog was so thick that we couldn’t see the street Cấu trúc It + be + so + adj + a/an + N + that + S2 + V2 Example: It was so boring a film that I nearly fell asleep Cấu trúc S1+ V1 + so + many/ much/few/little + (N) + that + S2 + V2 Example: He had made so many mistakes that he had to write his essay again James drank so much that he couldn’t control his behaviour Too to (quá để) Cấu trúc S + be + too + Adj + (for SB) + to V Example: This exercise is too difficult for me to Cấu trúc S + V + too + Adv + (for SB) + to V Example: The thief ran too fast for us to catch up with Enough to (Đủ để) Cấu trúc S + be + Adj + enough + (for SB) +to V Example: This house isn’t big enough for US to stay in Cấu trúc S + V + Adv + enough + (for SB) + to V Example: Our team didn’t train enough to fight against our opponent Cấu trúc S + V + enough + N + (for SB) + to V Example: Luckily, I have enough money to buy this laptop So / Therefore: S1 + V1, so / therefore + (S2) + V2 = S2 + V2 + and so / therefore + (S2) + V2 Example: He had enough qualifications, so he got the job She’s only 17 and therefore not eligible to vote As a result of/ consequence of Cấu trúc As a result of/ As a consequence of + Ving / N, S + V: nên Example: As a result of his repeated mistakes, he lost his job Cấu trúc S + V + as a result of/ as a consequence of + Ving / N: kết quả, hậu Example: He lost his job as a result of his repeated mistakes Clause of Purpose (Mệnh đề mục đích) Full infinitive: để S + V + (not) to V + O Example: I just called to offer you a good job I get up early not to go to school late In order to/ So as to: để Dùng chủ ngữ thực hai hành động S + V + so as (not) to/ in order (not) to + V Example: We’re saving money in order to buy a new bike He walked quietly so as not to wake up the baby So that/ in order that: để Dùng hai chủ ngữ thực hai hành động khác Hiện tại, tương lai: S + V + so that + S + can/may/will + V Quá khứ: S + V + so that + S + could/might/would + V Example: He whispered his secret to me so that nobody else could hear it Please close the door so that the cat can’t come in With a view to, : nhằm mục đích, mục tiêu S + V + with a view to/ with the aim of/ with the intention of + (not) Ving Example: Jim studies hard with a view to getting a scholarship They tried to study hard with the aim of not failing the final exam For: để Dùng để đưa dự định cá nhân; mục đích sử dụng vật S + V + for + Ving / N Example: Tony went to the pub for a drink I use the electric knife for cutting meat For fear: sợ Cấu trúc For fear of + N/ Ving, S + V: Vì sợ Example: For fear of waking the guards, we spoke guietly = We spoke guietly for fear of waking the guards Cấu trúc For fear (that) + S1 + V1, S2 + V2: Vì sợ Example: For fear that he got bad marks, he tried hard to study = He tried hard to study for fear that he got bad marks Clause of Time (Mệnh đề thời gian) Hai cấu trúc bân mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian: Adverb + S1 +V1, S2 + V2 S2 +V2 + adverb + S1 + V1 Mệnh đề thời gian, Mệnh đề Mệnh đề + mệnh đề thời gian Sự phối hợp động từ mệnh đề mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian: WHEN (khi) QKĐ when QKĐ TLĐ/HTĐ when QKĐ QKTD when QKĐ QKHT when QKĐ The light turned on when I came into the room I’ll phone you when I arrive at the airport Jane was talking on the phone when I arrived Tony had already eaten dinner when she called WHILE / AS (trong khi) QKĐ while/as QKTD QKTD while QKTD I met my old friend while I was walking home I was reading books while Laura was playing the violin BEFORE (trước khi) QKHT before QKĐ QKĐ before QKĐ I had left before Lucy came I left before Lucy came AFTER (sau khi) QKĐ after QKĐ TLĐ/TLHT after HTĐ She got a job after she had graduated She’ll get a job after she graduates BY THE TIME (vào lúc) QKHT after QKĐ Sam had already left by the time we arrived TLHT after HTĐ We’ll have finished our work by the time he comes here UNTIL / TILL (cho đến khi) QKĐ until/till QKĐ I stayed there until my brother finished his work TLĐ/HTĐ until/till HTĐ I’ll wait till my brother finishes his work SINCE (kể từ khi) HTHT since QKĐ I haven’t seen Jose since she moved to America AS SOON AS/ONCE (ngay sau khi) TLĐ/HTĐ as soon as/once HTĐ/HTHT QKĐ as soon as/once QKĐ I will leave as soon as it stops raining As soon as I left the house, it burned WHENEVER / EVERYTIME (bất kể nào) HTĐ whenever/everytime HTĐ She cries whenever I see her QKĐ whenever/everytime QKĐ We listened to music everytime we felt tired