ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES Edited by Miroslav Chomat Electric Machines and Drives Edited by Miroslav Chomat Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright demarcomedia, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published February, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Electric Machines and Drives, Edited by Miroslav Chomat p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-548-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Preface IX Premium Efficiency Motors 1 M. Benhaddadi, G. Olivier, R. Ibtiouen, J. Yelle, and J-F Tremblay Electric Motor Performance Improvement Using Auxiliary Windings and Capacitance Injection 25 Nicolae D.V Magnetic Reluctance Method for Dynamical Modeling of Squirrel Cage Induction Machines 41 Jalal Nazarzadeh and Vahid Naeini Minimization of Losses in Converter-Fed Induction Motors – Optimal Flux Solution 61 Waldiberto de Lima Pires, Hugo Gustavo Gomez Mello, Sebastião Lauro Nau and Alexandre Postól Sobrinho Sensorless Vector Control of Induction Motor Drive - A Model Based Approach 77 Jogendra Singh Thongam and Rachid Beguenane Feedback Linearization of Speed-Sensorless Induction Motor Control with Torque Compensation 97 Cristiane Cauduro Gastaldini, Rodrigo Zelir Azzolin, Rodrigo Padilha Vieira and Hilton Abílio Gründling From Dynamic Modeling to Experimentation of Induction Motor Powered by Doubly-Fed Induction Generator by Passivity-Based Control 113 M. Becherif, A. Bensadeq, E. Mendes, A. Henni, P. Lefley and M.Y Ayad A RMRAC Parameter Identification Algorithm Applied to Induction Machines 145 Rodrigo Z. Azzolin, Cristiane C. Gastaldini, Rodrigo P. Vieira and Hilton A. Gründling Contents Contents VI Swarm Intelligence Based Controller for Electric Machines and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Applications 161 Omar Hegazy, Amr Amin, and Joeri Van Mierlo Operation of Active Front-End Rectifier in Electric Drive under Unbalanced Voltage Supply 195 Miroslav Chomat Space Vector PWM-DTC Strategy for Single-Phase Induction Motor Control 217 Ademir Nied, José de Oliveira, Rafael de Farias Campos, Seleme Isaac Seleme Jr. and Luiz Carlos de Souza Marques The Space Vector Modulation PWM Control Methods Applied on Four Leg Inverters 233 Kouzou A, Mahmoudi M.O and Boucherit M.S Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Pref ac e This book focuses on a very important and diverse fi eld of electric machines and drives. The history of the electric machine, which is the keystone of electromechanical energy conversion, dates back to the beginning of the nineteenth century. The names of famous scientists, such as Michael Faraday, Joseph Henry or Nikola Tesla, are associ- ated with the invention of the rotating electric machine. Electric drives have quickly become an integral part of our everyday lives and we can hardly imagine our civiliza- tion without them. Electric drives play a vital part in industry, transportation as well as in modern households. If we counted the number of electric drives around every one of us today, we would certainly be surprised how big the number is. Since the invention of the fi rst electric machine, novel principles and designs have been appearing and the properties and parameters of electric machines have been steadily improving. The advent of power electronics and modern control circuitry at the end of the twentieth century caused a revolution in the fi eld of electric drives. Nowadays, when modern technologies are available and advanced materials and techniques com- monly utilized, formerly inconceivable results can be achieved in the fi eld of modern electric drives. The twelve chapters of the book wri en by renowned authors, both academics and practitioners, cover a large part of the fi eld of electric machines and drives. Various types of electric machines, including three-phase and single-phase induction ma- chines or doubly fed machines, are addressed. Most of the chapters focus on modern control methods of induction-machine drives, such as vector and direct torque control. Among others, the book addresses sensorless control techniques, modulation strate- gies, parameter identifi cation, artifi cial intelligence, operation under harsh or failure conditions, and modelling of electric or magnetic quantities in electric machines. Sev- eral chapters give an insight into the problem of minimizing losses in electric ma- chines and increasing the overall energy effi ciency of electric drives, which is currently viewed as a priority. I would like to express my gratitude to all the authors for their contributions, in which they shared their valuable experience and knowledge with the readers. It was their im- mense involvement that enabled the publication of this book. I would also like to thank the InTech staff for their great eff ort and support in preparation of the book. I hope it X Preface will benefi t the fi eld of electric machines and drives, provide the readers with a new point of view on this interesting branch of electrical engineering and possibly initiate many inventions and innovations in the future. Miroslav Chomat Institute of Thermomechanics AS CR, v.v.i. Czech Republic [...]... standards and efficiency classification In reality, the key mandatory instrument is minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) 5 .1 MEPS in North America On October 19 92, US Congress voted law, Energy Policy Act EPAct, which mandates strict energy efficiency standards for electrical appliances and equipment, including electric motors Motor MEPS were for the first time introduced in 19 92 when all partners... indirect efficiency measurement as defined in IEC 34-2 standard “Rotating electrical machines – Part 2: Methods for determining losses and efficiency of rotating electrical machinery from tests” The standard first introduced in 19 72 and updated in 19 97, attribute a fixed value, equal to o.5 % of input power to the additional stray load losses These standards differ mainly by the method used to take into... fill, and segmented core stator construction The resulting increase in motor cost is evaluated to be between 15 % and 30 % 4 Testing standards In North America, the prevailing testing method is based on direct efficiency measurement method, as described in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) “Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators” IEEE 11 2-B and. .. that EU countries facing are: • From June 16 , 2 011 , motors shall not be less efficient than IE1 (i.e EFF2) and EFF3 motors will be banned • From January 1, 2 015 , motors with rated output of 7.5 to 375 kW shall not be less efficient than IE2 • From January 1, 2 017 , motors with rated output of 7.5 to 375 kW shall not be less efficient than IE3 • From January 1, 2 017 , all motors with rated 0.75 to 375 kW... average, the losses reduction of IE4 should be 15 % compared to IE3 So, IE4 is not a standard in fact, but just a level 5.3 MEPS in EU and BRIC countries In Europe, the European committee of manufacturers of electrical machines and power electronics CEMEP has classified 2 & 4 pole 1- 90 kW motors into three levels: • High (EFF1), • Improved (EFF2), and • Standard efficiency (EFF3) The CEMEP classification... last 6 Electric Machines and Drives longer, have longer warranties, run more quietly and cooler and produce less waste heat than their less-efficient counterparts) The trend is particularly well depicted in the work, illustrated in fig 3 The evolution of MEPS based on NEMA Premium is now moving from voluntary basis to legislated regulation, as the law implementation is awaited for December 2 010 So, 1 –200... Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 1X6 1, 3Canada 2Algérie 1 Introduction Despite its considerable potential for energy savings, energy efficiency is still far from realizing this potential This is particularly true in the electrical sector (IEA, 2 010 ) Why? There is no probably just one single answer to this question A consequential response requires major multiform research and an analytical effort No doubt... December 2 010 So, 1 –200 HP general purpose motors already covered by EPAct will change from NEMA MG -1, Table 12 -11 Energy Efficient (Annex 1) to Table 12 -12 NEMA Premium efficiencies levels (Annex 2), except for fire pump motors which remain at EPAct-92 level Moreover, the proposal expands the scope of enclosed 1- 200 Hp motors, as several motor types not previously covered by EPAct-92 must meet EPAct efficiency... standard for efficiency testing no 60034-2 -1 which includes a test procedure largely comparable to IEEE 11 2-B or CSA C390, and in September 2008 a new standard no 60034-30 for efficiency classification of electric motors New standard for efficiency classification is applicable to single speed, three-phase induction motors with the following parameters: • Power from 0.75 to 375 kW • Voltage under 10 00... by more 10 0 million CO2eq per year and push down the total environmental cost of electricity generation The worldwide electric motors above 1 hp can be estimated to be nowadays more 300 million units, with the annual sales of 34 million pieces Typically, one-third of the electrical energy use in the commercial sector and two-thirds of the industrial sector feed the electrical motors (DOE, 2 010 ) Moreover, . ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES Edited by Miroslav Chomat Electric Machines and Drives Edited by Miroslav Chomat Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 510 00 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2 011 InTech All. M.O and Boucherit M.S Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Pref ac e This book focuses on a very important and diverse fi eld of electric machines and drives. The history of the electric. 34-2 standard “Rotating electrical machines – Part 2: Methods for determining losses and efficiency of rotating electrical machinery from tests”. The standard first introduced in 19 72 and updated