Once a position has been established and the initial protective stop has been set, there are a number of techniques used by the Factor Trading Plan to exit a trade In nearly all cases, trade profits are taken if a market reaches the target implied by the pattern that launched the trade Stops are also advanced in the direction of the position using several methods, including the Retest Failure Rule, the Trailing Stop Rule, and the Intervening Pattern Rule Explanations and examples of these methods to move protective stops are found in Chapter Trade Order Management Whereas trade risk management deals with the determination of the risks and leverage taken on any trade or combination of trades, trade order management deals with the actual physical process of entering and exiting trades My job as a trader is really nothing more than that of a glorified order placer At its irreducible level, trading is basically the process of entering orders I have no control over what the markets The real challenge of trading is to identify the controllable factors and build into the trading process means to control what can be controlled The markets will what the markets will whether I buy, sell, hold, or nothing At the end of the day, the only control I have is over the orders I enter I will divide this section into trade order management on positions being considered for a new entry and trade order management on existing positions Entering New Orders I review the weekly charts for about 30 different markets once each week—usually late Friday afternoon or early Saturday morning This review gives me a good idea of any new developments taking place in the markets and if there are any new potential trades on the horizon The types of weekly chart patterns I want to trade take a very long time to develop In fact, there are only about two to three significant weekly chart patterns that qualify an individual market for a trade in any given calendar year Finding more than three weekly chart patterns in a specific market even during a strongly trending year would signify that I might be reading more into the charts than I should By early Saturday afternoon, I have a pretty good idea if an entry trade will set up in the coming week in any markets Usually, I see weekly chart patterns develop many weeks, and sometimes months, before an actual pattern is completed This is a problem because once I see a pattern developing, I become anxious to become involved This is where patience comes into play I print off weekly charts (and accompanying daily charts) that might offer a trading opportunity for the coming week In addition to the many wonderful online charting packages available (I use three different web-based programs), I maintain printed hard-copy charts of the markets I am either in or looking to enter Part of this exercise is because I was weaned on paper charts I find that actually drawing in price bars by hand each day puts me in better connection with the markets than scrolling through updated charts on the Internet Next, I turn my attention to the daily charts I pay particular attention to the markets identified by my review of the weekly charts, although I look at the daily chart of the active contract of every market in which I would consider a trade While my bias is to focus on weekly charts, daily charts provide more trading opportunities than revealed by the weekly charts If a daily chart trading opportunity develops during the week, I will print out a hard copy of that chart At about PM Sunday, I gather the charts printed the previous day It is at this time I determine the entry strategy, risk parameters, and leverage I will use for each market, assuming that a pattern breakout occurs I launch the online trading platforms I use and begin placing entry orders and setting up trading alerts so that I will automatically be notified if any of my entry orders are executed I most commonly use good-until-canceled (GTC) open orders to enter and exit trades Some markets are notorious for running stop orders during the nighttime hours I carefully avoid entering GTC stops in the night sessions in such markets as the mini metal contracts, grains, softs, fiber, and livestock (which I seldom trade anyway) I use day orders in these markets, each day entering the orders when the normal daytime trading hours commence By the time the Sunday afternoon markets open, I have just about completed all of my order entry for new positions Orders I not place on Sunday afternoon (such as stops in thinly traded electronic markets) are placed early on Monday morning I am normally awake and have checked Asian and European trading by about 3:30 AM mountain time I am not a very good sleeper The exact time a trader does certain tasks and the process used are not important I certain things at certain times in certain ways because it works for me The point is that a trader needs to develop a disciplined routine The time of an action is less important than the action itself In addition to trading, I am a private pilot Pilots go through a routine checklist during each phase of a flight— from preflight to postflight A trader needs a similar routine In general, only a few new entry opportunities will develop during the trading week It is a harsh truth that those trades I “discover” during the week (i.e., trades I had not seen coming the previous weekend) have probably been net losers over the years Different online trading platforms offer varying capabilities My preference is to use trading platforms that offer the ability to place contingency orders This means that if entry order using a stop is filled, then a protective stop-loss order will be placed automatically without my direct involvement Without the ability to place contingency orders I would need to pay attention to the markets during the trading session I will emphasize repeatedly during the course of this book that I want distance between myself and the markets during the trading day The more I follow the markets during the trading hours, the more apt I am to make an emotionally driven decision to override my trading plan I know myself too well, and I know that my emotional reactions to intraday trading will be detrimental to my net bottom line over any period of time Controlling my emotions is the biggest challenge that faces me as a trader And this is a battle that never ends Existing Open Positions Among all aspects of my trading, this is the one area that causes me the most aggravation and stress How to handle a trade that immediately moves in the intended direction is the single most difficult aspect of trading, in my opinion I lose sleep over this trading challenge It is this component that I am most tempted to tweak at any given time based on trades that immediately preceded the moment It is easy for me to enter a trade, easy to take quick losses on trades that never work, easy to take pyramid trades, and easy to take profits at targets, but enormously difficult to deal with profitable trades that are somewhere between the entry point and the target At its most basic level, managing an open trade boils down to a balance between protecting a profit and allowing a trend the opportunity to run its course as implied by a completed chart configuration The process of entering orders on exiting positions is similar to that of the order flow for new trade entries For every position held, two orders are in place in the market— a “limit” order for taking profits at the target and a stop order for exiting the trade if it turns against me These two orders are commonly known as OCOs—one cancels the other Within minutes of entering a new trade, I place both of these exit orders Each afternoon, I review the daily charts for each market in which I carry a position and make a determination whether any order should be modified Most modifications occur during the late afternoons between the end of the day session when the closing prices are established and the beginning of the evening session, which represents the start of the next day’s trading schedule Chapter provides numerous specific examples of the tactics used in trade management by examining actual case studies Best Trading Practices Best practices are those things that would contribute positively to a net bottom line over an extended period of time if followed habitually Worded in the opposite way, not doing the best practices will likely reduce profitability Maintaining and reviewing a list of best practices can keep a trader grounded in a right mind-set Best practices vary from trader to trader My best practices would include the following items dealing with order management: Review weekly charts only on Saturday when the markets are closed Scroll through every market that I consider trading Use the weekly rollover continuation charts as well as the weekly chart of the most actively traded contract month in the case of futures markets Look at daily charts only once each day—during nontrading hours Place entry orders only once each day and not second-guess the original order once the trading session begins Avoid intraday charts Avoid watching markets during the trading day Do not pay attention to any other trader or analyst Base my trades on my own approach Points to Remember A trader must have an organized method to resolve what constitutes a trading signal Time phasing is a hurdle all traders must clear in order to be consistently successful A trader must have a framework that defines an overall trading plan, including how to enter trades and how to determine the risks involved Most professional money managers risk no more than percent on each trading event A strategy for exiting trades must be part of a trading plan A trading plan must address the issue of risk management, namely, what proportion of capital will be risked on any given trading event A trading routine, especially analysis and order entry, should be developed and followed Chapter Three Case Studies Using the Factor Trading Plan This chapter presents case studies of actual markets traded in 2009 by the Factor Trading Plan to illustrate the rules, guidelines, and principles introduced in earlier chapters of the book This chapter will use completed charts to answer such questions as: What does a trading signal looks like? How is a signal generated within the trading plan? How I determine the placement for initial protective stops? How I determine the number of contracts (i.e., the leverage for the trade)? What guidelines I use to advance stops in the direction of a profitable trend? What provision is made for pyramiding a trade, and how does it work? How I take profits? The three case studies in this chapter include a particularly memorable and significant technical event producing two trades in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) contract, a full year of trades in gold, and finally, a full year of trades in sugar These case studies were selected because they were markets in which I was active in 2009 and a variety of trading situations were presented Gold and sugar were not typical markets in 2009 In fact, gold produced one of the best trades of the year and sugar was my single most profitable market for the year I could have presented a case study in a market like the euro currency and U.S dollar cross rate (EUR/USD) but chose not to For the purpose of full disclosure, please know that there were some markets that completely frustrated me in 2009 A Remarkable Technical Event in the Dow Jones The DJIA produced a short trade followed by a long trade that will be featured in future textbooks on classical charting principles A short trade is one in which a trader bets on a price decline A long trade is one in which a trade bets that prices will climb In forex and commodities, the sequence in which a trader buys and sells does not matter A short position is established when a trader sells first, hoping to profit when a buy is made at a lower price The opposite is true for a long position Short Trade: July 6, 2009 Once I identify a pattern that qualifies as a candidate trade, I place an entry order on my trading platform Figure 6.1 shows the September 2009 contract of the Mini Dow Jones On July 2, I identified a possible H&S top I immediately placed an order to short the market if the neckline and right shoulder low were penetrated My sell stop was at 8182 I became short on July FIGURE 6.1 An H&S Top in the Dow Jones Industrial Average The primary method used to establish the initial protective stop is the Last Day Rule This rule is based on the assumption that the breakout day is sacred and that the high of a downside breakout day or the low of an upside breakout day will be the demarcation point between the trading range of the pattern and the start of a sustained trend As a very general rule, I risk a short trade to above the high of the day during which the breakout occurred (or to below the low of the upside breakout day) When very little of the bar of the breakout day is above the boundary line, I may elect to revert to the day prior to the breakout day to determine the Last Day Rule When the September Mini Dow broke out on July 6, only 30 points existed above the neckline of the H&S top So, I elected to use the previous day’s high and selected a stop of 8316, representing a potential loss of $670 per contract I shorted a single September Mini Dow contract per $100,000 of capital based on my normal risk tolerance of approximately six-tenths to eight-tenths of percent I use the targeting methods detailed by Edwards and Magee in Technical Analysis of Stock Trends —a market breaking out of a chart formation will trade a distance equal to the height of the pattern itself The high of the head within the H&S was 8828 The low of the right shoulder was 8194 The difference of 634 Dow points projected down from 8194 yielded a target for the trade of 7560 When I was filled on my short, I immediately entered an open order to cover the short at 7561 My short position closed against me the very day I entered it This is never a good sign My historical bottom line would be greatly improved if I immediately had exited every trade that ever closed at a loss Yet, the following day, July 7, the market dropped throughout the day and closed decisively below the neckline of the H&S top This gave me a renewed cause for optimism It also gave me an ability to move my protective stop to 8302, just above the July high, a revised Last Day Rule The market stopped me out on July 14 to officially end the trade, called the original H&S interpretation into doubt, and set the stage for a long position I should have known that the H&S top was suspect—the pattern was being discussed frequently on CNBC Patterns being acknowledged as conventional wisdom normally not work out as planned Long Trade: July 15, 2009 A pattern that I have found to be quite tradable in commodity futures and forex markets is the H&S failure I consider this to be a pattern unto itself The H&S failure pattern starts with a recognizable H&S formation Whether the H&S is completed with a minimum of follow through (as in the case of the Dow) or the right shoulder begins to form but does not break the neckline, the signal is generated when the market climbs above the peak of the right shoulder of the H&S top (or declines below the right shoulder low of a H&S bottom) After being stopped out of my short September Dow on July 14, I immediately placed a buy stop above the right shoulder high As seen in Figure 6.2, it was filled the very next day, July 15, at 8568 FIGURE 6.2 Textbook H&S Failure on the September DJIA Chart The Last Day Rule was based on the low of July 14 at 8327 I set my protective stop at 8319 The risk from 8568 to 8319 was $1,245 per contract, far greater than my desired risk of about $700 per capital unit of $100,000 So, I was faced with one of two decisions: to use a money management stop rather than the Last Day Rule or to restrict leverage to one contract per $200,000 I chose the latter option By risking a position of one-half of a contract per $100,000 to 8319, my risk level was about six-tenths of percent ($1,245 divided by 2) The objective of an H&S top failure is determined by projecting the height of the H&S upward from the high of the right shoulder In this case, I projected the height of the original H&S of 634 points upward from the July right shoulder high of 8527, producing a target of 9161 This target was met on July 30 In the case of the long trade in the Dow, the profit was $3,100+ per contract, or $1,550 per $100,000 unit of capital There is an overpowering temptation to remain involved with a market that just provided a nice profit The emotion of greed almost demands an immediate re-entry into the trade lest money be left on the table When facing this emotion I need to remind myself that there will be new opportunities next week, next month, and next year Discipline demands that once I exit a trade I need to go shopping in a different market Incidentally, rather than taking profits at the target I could have elected to use the Trailing Stop Rule, which was triggered on September A Year Trading Gold In 2009, the Factor Trading Plan entered seven trades in gold Even though I traded the individual futures contracts, for ease I will trace the trading history on the weekly and daily continuation charts Figure 6.3 displays an overview of my year of trading gold FIGURE 6.3 Gold 2009 Trades On January 23, I entered a long gold trade as the market broke out of an H&S bottom and trend line dating back to July 2008 See Figure 6.4 I bought a mini contract (a total of 33 ounces) of April gold at 884.2 per $100,000 of capital My initial stop was just under the Last Day Rule at 853.8 with a risk on the trade of about percent of assets FIGURE 6.4 Gold Trade #1—H&S Completed in January I made mistakes on this trade My interpretation was very flawed A legitimate H&S pattern occurs when the head and both shoulders are singularly part of a process by which “strong hands” are distributing or accumulating a position In hindsight, the right shoulder in January was probably disconnected with the left shoulder of September 2008 I think I was probably just looking for an excuse to be long gold An H&S configuration that comprises just a portion of a more extensive trading range should always be treated as suspect I tend to go in streaks with my interpretations For a while, I see H&S on most charts I study, then for another period of time I see wedges everywhere I look, then it might be triangles, then channels I exited the trade on February 25 at 958.2 using the Trailing Stop Rule Figures 6.5 and 6.6 display the threestep process of the rule FIGURE 6.5 Gold Trade #1—Trailing Stop Rule in Gold FIGURE 6.6 Gold Trade #1—Trailing Stop Rule Demonstrated A Government Report Causes Volatility and a Quick Loss Several times per year a market will spin me faster than I know what is happening This was just such a case, as shown by the out-of-line movement in Figure 6.7 FIGURE 6.7 Trade #2—An Out-of-Line Movement in Gold On March 18, I was stopped into a short position at 888.7 when the market sliced through the neckline of an H&S top early in the session in response to a government report The Last Day Rule at the time of the fill was at 916.3, but I used a money management stop of 900.7 in order to extend my leverage to two mini contracts per $100,000 I was risking about eight-tenths of percent on the trade I was literally stopped out within minutes Back in the “good old days” of pit trading, I remember at times getting back a fill on my protective stop before getting the fill on the entry order Talk about adding insult to injury! Trading a Short Position on a Small Pattern Keeping with my obsession over H&S patterns, I shorted one contract of August mini gold on June 12 at 942.4 (see Figure 6.8) This was way too small a pattern for me to be trading and was a violation of my basic guidelines FIGURE 6.8 Trade #3—A Small H&S Pattern in Gold Knowing that this was not a good trade, I jammed my protective stop, exiting the trade with a very small profit on June 24 I considered myself lucky for cheating my rules on the required duration of an acceptable daily chart reversal pattern Another H&S Pattern Fails Continuing the H&S theme I went long mini gold on August based on the completion of a seven-week H&S bottom with an upslanting neckline, as shown in Figure 6.9 On August 6, the market had a hard intraday retest of the H&S pattern I adjusted my stop to just below the August low based on the Retest Rule I was stopped out for a six-tenths of percent loss on August FIGURE 6.9 Trade #4—Another Failed H&S in Gold I hope these case studies are communicating a message I want to send clearly—that trade entry signals are relatively unimportant to my overall success What I trade—indeed, what I call an entry signal—is secondary to money and risk management Trade selection is highly overrated Spotting the Big Move In early August, it was becoming apparent that something big was just around the corner in gold The weekly chart displayed a massive inverted continuation H&S pattern, as shown in Figure 6.10 This rare pattern was discussed briefly by Edwards and Magee in Technical Analysis of Stock Trends and earlier by Schabacker in Technical Analysis and Stock Market Profits: The Real Bible of Technical Analysis FIGURE 6.10 Trades #5 and #6—H&S Pattern on Weekly Gold Chart Further, the right shoulder of the H&S was taking the form of a six-month symmetrical triangle The triangle had six significant contact points (labeled A-F in Figure 6.11) I get very excited when I see markets set up in such a magnificent way FIGURE 6.11 Trades #5 and #6—A Massive Symmetrical Triangle Serving as the Right Shoulder on the Gold Chart The advance on September penetrated the upper boundary of the triangle and then rose above the last defining high within the pattern (point E) I went long December gold at 978 The objective of 1094 was determined by extending the distance from B to C upwards from E Calculating the A to B distance would have also been acceptable While I took profits at the target on November 4, the Trailing Stop Rule would have kept me in the trade until December I could have gained another $45 per ounce—there is always another case of coulda, woulda, shoulda! It is important to note that the lows of the breakout day of September and the upthrust day of September were never challenged This is often the case with a substantial and valid breakout Immediately following the breakout, the market drifted sideways for a month In the process, the market appeared to be forming a small H&S top I even advanced the protective stop on a portion of my long position to below the neckline of this small pattern (see Figure 6.12) On October 5, the market advanced through the existing right shoulder high of this small H&S pattern, providing a pyramid signal at 1014 with a target of 1050 (met quickly on October 8) I chose not to take profits at the target Again, note that the Last Day Rule, the low of October 5, was also never challenged FIGURE 6.12 Trade #6—A Small H&S Failure in Gold The Gold Market Throws a Curve Ball Seldom does a trade go from entry to the target without difficulty and challenge The best laid plans of mice and men! Such was the case with the pyramid position established at the breakout of the four-week H&S failure on October (trade #6) I chose not to take profits on this trade at 1050 Then, the decline on October 26 completed a small double top and placed the run for the glory into question The October 26 decline was also a setup day for my Trailing Stop Rule October 27 was the trigger day for the Trailing Stop Rule, but I did not jam my stop until the next day, when I was stopped out near the low of the bull market correction, as seen in Figure 6.13 FIGURE 6.13 Trade #7—Fake-Out in Gold This situation created one of the most difficult challenges facing a trader—what to when stopped out of a successful trade prior to the attainment of a much larger target Unfortunately, there are no easy answers to this challenge, but there are some lessons Within days of completing the three-week double top, the market returned to its dominant bull trend This raised the real possibility that the small top was a bear trap It also established the possibility that the market was creating a fishhook buy signal This is not a Magee and Edwards pattern, but something I have observed in my years trading chart patterns A fishhook signal occurs when a pattern quickly fails followed by an immediate trend back into the failed pattern The dynamic behind a fishhook buy signal is that weak longs get stopped out Markets almost always force sold-out bulls to chase a trend The first real sign of a fishhook buy signal was on November when the entire trading range was above the lower boundary of the three-week double top and the market closed near the high I could have reentered at this point, but I stubbornly waited for a new high on November Fishhooks most often signal halfway moves that can be projected using swing targeting (see Figure 6.14) FIGURE 6.14 A Swing Target in Gold The advance from the October low to the October 14 high was approximately $85 Projecting this amount upward from the October 29 low of 1027 yielded a target of 1112, met on November 12 Lessons from Trading Gold in 2009 I hate being jerked around in the markets I hate buying at the top end of a trading range and selling at the bottom end I hate false breakouts I dread being right on the direction of a market but losing money by getting whiplashed in the process This can happen if I get stopped out of a long on weakness, reenter on strength, get stopped back out on weakness, and so on It is possible to lose $50 per ounce in a $20 trading range in gold and end up correct on the subsequent direction A choppy market does damage financially Choppy markets can impose emotional and confidence consequences on a trader that are far worse I can’t remember all the times I have missed really big moves because I was gun shy from a period of choppiness that preceded the big moves The biggest temptation after a premature stop-out is to get right back in before receiving another solid signal Getting into this cycle throws discipline and patience right out the window I got lucky on trade #7 in gold Had this trade slapped me around, my head would have really been screwed on wrong The second lesson is that smaller reversal patterns, such as the little double top, are not likely to provide a serious threat to a trend that began with a strong thrust out of a substantial pattern (the triangle in the case of gold), especially when the market has a great distance to go to reach the implied target Table 6.1 summarizes the gold trading signals in 2009 TABLE 6.1 Record of Gold Trading Signals in 2009 The target of the 1320 from the inverted 18-month H&S on the weekly chart has not been met as of this writing in January 2010 This fact has imposed a bullish bias on my view of gold I waste a lot of ammunition by taking trading decisions within broader trading ranges—by not waiting for the decisive breakout This was the case for the first four gold trades in 2009 It was not until the trades #5 and #6 that the market was really breaking out of a major pattern Trade #5 was really the only trade worthy of the Best Dressed List Exiting a Trade There are six general conditions I use to exit a trade once it has been established: two with the trade at a loss and four with the trade at a profit At a Loss The chart pattern breakout I use to enter the trade is either a failure or a premature breakout The market reverses and penetrates my Last Day Rule stop (or money management stop if used instead of the Last Day Rule for risk management reasons (See Figure 6.7 for an example.) The breakout fails to provide immediate thrust in the direction of the trade Within days (per perhaps a week or so) the market experiences a hard retest of the pattern, penetrating the boundary line used to enter the trade If a hard retest occurs, I may elect to adjust my protective stop in relationship to the hard retest (See Figure 6.8 for an example.) At a Profit At the target I normally take profits at the target indicated by the chart pattern used to initially establish a trade (See Figures 6.11 and 6.14 for examples.) Successful trades often develop smaller chart patterns during the course of a trend Depending on the nature and duration of these continuation patterns, I may even pyramid a trend I will also use the Last Day Rule of a continuation pattern to advance the protective stop on the initial position in the direction of a successful trend Prior to the attainment of a target, a market may form a pattern with implications counter to the position In other words, an intervening pattern indicates that a reversal of trend is possible I may elect to advance my protective stop in relationship to this intervening pattern (See Figure 6.13 for an example.) At any time during the course of a trend, I may choose to elect the Trailing Stop Rule (See Figure 6.5 for an example.) A Year Trading Sugar Sugar was the market of my single most concentrated focus in 2009 My opinion of sugar in 2009 highlights the fact that as a chartist I am not a detached market observer My biases often dictate my chart analysis Sugar was also my single most profitable market in 2009 As part of full disclosure, I want to emphasize that my trading experience in sugar in 2009 is not typical of my experience in most markets in most years I only wish this could be the case In fact, sugar provided nearly 40 percent of the net signal profits in 2009 Y the market completely frustrated my bullish bias et during the first four months of the year as I lost money on trade after trade Just because I am ready for a market to make a move does not mean that the market is ready to so—or that it will ever be A market could care less if I am bullish or bearish In fact, if I am a bull, once I my buying, my only influence is as a bear because I become a source of selling Starting the Year a Bull I was a sugar bull on the first day of January in 2009 Figure 6.15 displays the weekly pattern I thought was dominant at the time, a possible nine-month continuation symmetrical triangle In early 2009, the market was at the lower boundary of this triangle, so I was interested in establishing an anticipatory long position FIGURE 6.15 Sugar Weekly Chart in Early 2009 Little did I understand how frustrating that process would become Figure 6.16 shows a daily continuation chart listing all 11 of the Factor trading signals in 2009 My obsession with sugar resulted in far too many trades An obsession with a market leading to overtrading has happened to me before, and it will happen again FIGURE 6.16 Trading Sugar 2009: 11 Trades Three Losing Trades Started the Year Figure 6.17 shows the first three trades of 2009 in sugar All three trades were losers despite the fact I was a major bull and the market was rising Losing money trading the long side of a rising market challenges one’s durability and ... place on Sunday afternoon (such as stops in thinly traded electronic markets) are placed early on Monday morning I am normally awake and have checked Asian and European trading by about 3:30 AM... biggest challenge that faces me as a trader And this is a battle that never ends Existing Open Positions Among all aspects of my trading, this is the one area that causes me the most aggravation and... event A strategy for exiting trades must be part of a trading plan A trading plan must address the issue of risk management, namely, what proportion of capital will be risked on any given trading