[...]... on vague technical information 1.3 Spacecraft Sensors Trade-off There are two types of sensors – health sensors and payload sensors Health sensors ensure and monitor the spacecraft or payload functionality such as temperature sensors, strain gauges, gyros and accelerometers Examples of payload sensors are radar imaging systems and IR cameras For health sensors, the spacecraft would list the requirement... interfaces, the performance Spacecraft Sensors Cost 5 requirements, parts, materials and process requirements, and testing requirements 1.2 Spacecraft Sensors Cost This section explores the various approaches in cost estimation for spacecraft sensors that extend to all systems and subsystems It will focus on sensors that constitute the main focus of the mission rather than sensors which simply assist... classic courses – such as Spacecraft Dynamics’, Spacecraft Structure’, Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics and Control’ – the need to have a specific course and a book on spacecraft sensors seemed to become more and more necessary for the academic world as well as for the spacecraft industry It has proved more than a challenge This book is a comprehensive review of spacecraft sensors for the specialist... discussed in Chapters 2 and 3 Typical sensors used in the spacecraft industry that will be covered are IR sensors, introduced in Chapter 4, passive microwave sensors, introduced in Chapter 5, active microwave or radars (Chapter 6) and spacebased GPS sensors, covered in Chapter 7 This manuscript includes many examples from the space industry of past and currently orbiting sensors These examples are set at... technological advances to receive and analyze phenomena Putting these sensors in space expands the scope of our knowledge of Earth, the atmosphere, other terrestrial bodies and on into space far beyond anything the human senses could ever attain alone Spacebased sensors is a field that is vast There are entire books dedicated to each aspect of spacecraft sensors such as IR, remote sensing, signal filtering and radar,... Electromagnetic Compatibility and Interference Testing 1.8.5 Vibration Testing 1.8.6 Balancing 1.8.7 Mission Simulation Tests 1.9 Sensors on Orbit 1.9.1 Reference Frame 1.9.2 Coordinate Transfer in Three-dimensional Space 1.9.3 Conic Trajectories 1.9.4 Attitude of a Spacecraft Bibliography 2 Sensors and Signals 2.1 Sensor Characteristics 2.1.1 Accuracy and Precision 2.1.2 Hysteresis 2.1.3 Calibration 2.1.4 Transfer... or space shuttle-like spacecrafts.4 Most cost estimates represent total life cycle costs (LCC) which include all costs to develop, produce, operate, support and dispose of a new system It is very important to look beyond the immediate cost of developing and producing a system and consider all costs of a system’s life cycle because what may appear to be an expensive Spacecraft Sensors Cost 7 alternative... Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) When a customer or broker is unable to obtain a license from the State Department to share a launch vehicle or a satellite’s Spacecraft Sensors Trade-off Table 1.1 13 Claims for some recent failures Failure Spacecraft Claims in million Arian 5G upper stage Artemis BSAT-2B Orbivew 4 PanAmSat Arabsat $150 Orbital Sciences Taurus 2110 Solar array $75 $253 $173 technical... This will include costs, trade-offs, environment, standard, packaging, interfacing, integration and testing 1.1 Concepts The development of sensors resides in the desire for the detection and measurement of a specific phenomenon for such purposes as Spacecraft Sensors Mohamed M Abid # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2 Introduction Pre-concept design Define overall requirements and objectives − develop system... as to what would need to be measured or controlled for an optimum operation, and sensor selection would depend on this One would not fly a spacecraft solely to test a gyro or a star sensor Payload sensors represent some of the reason for the mission to exist These sensors would set the requirements such as pointing, power consumption and operation Figure 1.8 illustrates a typical design trade-off evolution . classic courses – such as Spacecraft Dynamics’, Spacecraft Structure’, Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics and Control’ – the need to have a specific course and a book on spacecraft sensors seemed to become. discussed in Chapters 2 and 3. Typical sensors used in the spacecraft industry that will be covered are IR sensors, introduced in Chapter 4, passive microwave sensors, introduced in Chapter 5, active. 8 1.2.4 The Cost Estimating Relationship Method 10 1.2.5 Insurance Cost 12 1.3 Spacecraft Sensors Trade-off 13 1.4 Spacecraft Environment 14 1.4.1 Vacuum 15 1.4.2 Neutral Environment Effects 15 1.4.3