WASTE WATER ͳ EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag Waste Water - Evaluation and Management Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Natthawat Wongrat, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Waste Water - Evaluation and Management, Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-233-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Preface IX Waste Water Quality Monitoring 1 The Use of Methods of Environmental Analysis and Ecotoxicological Tests in the Evaluation of Wastewater 3 Helena Zlámalová Gargošová, Milada Vávrová, Helena Doležalová Weissmannová, Ludmila Mravcová, Lucie Vydrová and Libor Zouhar Assessment of Micropollutants from Municipal Wastewater- Combination of Exposure and Ecotoxicological Effect Data for Switzerland 31 Kase Robert, Eggen Rik I L, Junghans Marion, Götz Christian and Juliane Hollender Water Toxicity Monitoring using Optical Oxygen Sensing and Respirometry 55 Alice Zitova, Greg Jasionek and Dmitri B. Papkovsky Flow-Through Chronopotentiometry in Waste Water Analysis 71 Ernest Beinrohr The Chemical Oxygen Demand Modelling Based on a Dynamic Structure Neural Network 93 Junfei Qiao, Qili Chen and Honggui Han Formaldehyde Oxidizing Enzymes and Genetically Modified Yeast Hansenula polymorpha Cells in Monitoring and Removal of Formaldehyde 115 Vladimir Sibirny, Olha Demkiv, Sasi Sigawi, Solomiya Paryzhak, Halyna Klepach, Yaroslav Korpan, Oleh Smutok, Marina Nisnevich, Galina Gayda, Yeshayahu Nitzan, Czesław Puchalski and Mykhailo Gonchar Contents Contents VI Satellite Monitoring and Mathematical Modelling of Deep Runoff Turbulent Jets in Coastal Water Areas 155 Valery G. Bondur Intelligent Photonic Sensors for Application in Decentralized Wastewater Systems 181 Michal Borecki, Michael L. Korwin-Pawlowski, Maria Beblowska, Jan Szmidt, Maciej Szmidt, Mariusz Duk, Kaja Urbańska and Andrzej Jakubowski Analysis and Selective Treatment of Radioactive Waste Waters and Sludges 203 György Pátzay, László Weiser, Ferenc Feil and Gábor Patek Evaluation of Waste Water Effects on the Environment 217 Effects of Waste Water on Freshwaters in Semiarid Regions 219 Miguel Alvarez-Cobelas, Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo, Angel Rubio-Olmo and Santos Cirujano-Bracamonte Hydrochemical Investigation of Groundwater Contamination in the Grombalia Shallow Aquifer, Cap Bon Peninsula, Tunisia: Impact of Irrigation with Industrial Waste Water 239 Amor Ben Moussa and Kamel Zouari Effects of Wastewater Treatment Plant on Water Column and Sediment Quality in Izmir Bay (Eastearn Aegean Sea) 253 F. Sanem Sunlu, Ugur Sunlu, Baha Buyukisik, Serkan Kukrer and Mehmet Aksu Effects of Domestic Waste Water on Water Quality of Three Reservoirs Supplying Drinking Water in Kaduna State - Northern Nigeria 269 Yahuza Tanimu, Sunday Paul Bako and John Ameh Adakole Water Quality of Streams Receiving Municipal Waste Water in Port Harcourt, Niger Delta, Nigeria 283 Alex C. Chindah, Solomon A. Braide, and Charles C. Obunwo Impact of Municipal Waste Water on Growth and Nutrition of Afforested Pinus eldarica Stands 303 Masoud Tabari, Azadeh Salehi and Jhangard Mohammadir Parasitological Contamination in Organic Composts Produced with Sewage Sludge 313 Eduardo Robson Duarte, Flávia Oliveira Abrão, Neide Judith Faria de Oliveira and Bruna Lima Cabral Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Part 2 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Contents VII Effects of Reclaimed Water on Citrus Growth and Productivity 325 Kelly T. Morgan Heavy Metal Contamination of Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb in Soil and Leaf of Robinia pseudoacacia Irrigated with Municipal Wastewater in Iran 341 Masoud Tabari, Azadeh Salehi, Jahangard Mohammadi and Alireza Aliarab Wastewater from Table Olive Industries 351 G.M. Cappelletti, G.M. Nicoletti and C. Russo Waste Water Management and Environmental Policies 377 Wastewater Management 379 Peace Amoatey (Mrs) and Richard Bani Sewage Sludge Disposal and Applications: Self-heating and Spontaneous Combustion of Compost Piles - Trace Metals Leaching in Volcanic Soils After Sewage Sludge Disposal 399 Mauricio Escudey, Nelson Moraga, Carlos Zambra and Mónica Antilén Waste Water: Treatment Options and its Associated Benefits 431 Akuzuo Ofoefule, Eunice Uzodinma and Cynthia Ibeto Agricultural Dairy Wastewaters 447 Owen Fenton, Mark G. Healy, Raymond B. Brennan, Ana Joao Serrenho, Stan T.J. Lalor, Daire O hUallacháin and Karl G. Richards Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Part 3 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Pref ac e Wastes are materials generated as a result of numerous anthropic activities and should be disposed to prevent environmental pollution which aff ects human health and con- tributes ecosystem degradation. Most of the environmental problems, which we are dealing with, are a result of improper management of wastes. In particular, fresh water resources are under serious stress throughout the globe. Water supply and water qual- ity degradation are global concerns. Anthropogenic pollution of natural waters constitutes of many substances and many water bodies receive a varied range of waste water from point and/or non point sourc- es. Hence there is an increasing need for be er tools to asses the eff ects of pollution sources and prevent the contamination of aquatic ecosystems. The reduction of risks to the aquatic systems requires the characterization of waste waters, the analysis of the impact of waste water on freshwaters and the reduction of contaminants through the application of appropriate policies and measures. Therefore, the development of improved monitoring tools, impact evaluation approaches and treatment technologies are active research fi elds. The major sources of wastewater can be classifi ed as municipal, industrial and agricul- tural. In order to evaluate the impact of these types of waste waters on the aquatic eco- system, monitoring is necessary because wastewater is discharged back into surface. To ensure the effl uent water quality, some global parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total suspended solids (TSS) are usually measured. In addition to the la er indicators, toxi- cological assessment of environmental samples is necessary for a proper monitoring of wastewater quality. On the other hand, the use of models for predicting effl uent indica- tors can provide eff ective guidance for the operation of waste water treatment plants. This multi-authored book takes a look at various aspects concerning the evaluation and management of waste water. The book chapters, heterogeneous in nature, were invited by the publisher and the authors are responsible for their statements. The ac- curacy of each chapter was checked by the authors through proof reading stages. The book covers a wide spectrum of issues related to waste water monitoring, the evalua- tion of waste water eff ect on diff erent natural environments and the management of water resources. The reader will fi nd current information and data obtained in studies undertaken to assess the quality of waste waters and the impact of pollution sources on natural water bodies. The chapters are basically organized in three sections. In the fi rst section, chapters are mainly focused on methods for monitoring parameters of waste X Preface water quality. The second section includes several case studies dealing with the evalu- ation of the eff ects of waste water on diff erent regions in the world. The fi nal section covers topics related to waste water management and environmental policies. We hope that this publication will be a useful document for students, professionals and researchers of various disciplines related to waste water evaluation and management. The book is a result of eff orts by many experts from diff erent fi elds. I would like to ac- knowledge the authors, who are from diff erent countries, for their contribution to the book. I wish to off er special thanks to Prof. Katarina Lovrecic for her exceptional help throughout the preparation process. Fernando García Einschlag La Plata University Argentina [...]... concentration (ng.l -1) N Galaxolide Tonalide Musk xylene Musk ketone (HHCB) (AHTN) (MX) (MK) Inflow Outflow Pond Inflow Outflow Pond Inflow Outflow Pond Inflow Outflow Pond 1 9 21 530 71 262 80 37 12 23 955 972 56 47 2 996 504 10 7 248 12 0 47 9 61 697 592 57 33 71 34 3 762 646 11 1 19 4 18 0 56 10 19 688 543 60 54 34 4 739 528 10 1 19 2 13 2 56 11 00 558 417 56 49 49 5 880 858 14 9 217 17 0 66 11 35 14 91 686 58 54 27... ultrafiltration Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mean Galaxolid (HHCB) Inflow Outflow (ng/ml) (ng/ml) 18 7.7 0.66 575 .1 NQ 54 .1 1.84 213 .3 0.56 31. 1 0.55 210 .8 1. 74 86.7 0.67 50 .1 0.50 772.0 0.57 77.6 0.52 225.9 0.85 Tonalid (AHTN) Inflow Outflow (ng/ml) (ng/ml) 24.64 0 .17 9 14 1.40 0.220 33.32 0.695 33.69 0.2 31 12.80 0. 811 15 .86 0.736 5 .19 0 .17 2 10 .62 0 .15 6 57.56 0 .14 5 12 . 31 0 .15 1 34.74 0.350 Musk ketone (MK) Inflow... and Ecotoxicological Tests in the Evaluation of Wastewater Analytes N 1 I1 I2 I3 NQ 13 63 .16 16 69 .12 O1 O2 O3 NQ 5.69 9.29 I1 I2 I3 NQ NQ NQ O1 O2 O3 NQ NQ NQ Diclofenac Ibuprophene 2 3 Inflow NQ NQ 84.40 18 74.95 < LOD 213 9.03 Outflow NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ Inflow NQ 503.78 NQ 272.50 NQ 12 71. 06 Outflow NQ 222.70 NQ 275 .19 NQ 15 5.22 13 4 5 NQ 2 511 .63 2439.98 NQ 19 70.58 214 8.06 NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 2229.30 11 64. 81. .. Log KOC Tonalide (AHTN, Fixolide) 15 06-02 -1 Galaxolide (HHCB, Abbalide) 12 22-05-5 Soluble in alcohol, oils, white solid crystal Viscous liquid, No colour and stabile liquid Soluble in alcohol, various oils, pale yellow crystals 258. 41 258.39 294.27 297.27 10 4.26 10 4.26 2 41. 07 245.65 325.92 325.92 560.94 570.75 0.24 0. 21 0.46 0 .15 2.28 .10 -4 2.57 .10 -4 1. 33 .10 -19 3 .15 .10 -17 5.70 3.72 5.90 3.72 4.30 3.58... Constant (atm.m3.mol -1) 5.29 .10 -9 1. 23 .10 -6 2.97 .10 -16 1. 88 .10 -13 Log KOW 1. 56 ∼ 1. 00 1. 45 1. 83 Log KOC 2.92 2.59 2.73 2.63 White crystalline White powder, White powder powder slightly Soluble in water, Sparingly hygroscopic insoluble in soluble in water, Soluble in alcohol, various freely soluble in water, insoluble oils and acetone, in alcohol, oils paraffin’s methanol, ether Table 1 Physico-chemical... Penicillin G CAS 15 307-79-6 311 21- 93-4 69-53-4 61- 33-6 Physical state White or slightly yellowish crystalline powder, slightly hygroscopic Sparingly soluble in water, freely soluble in methanol Molecular weight (g/mol) 318 .13 228.26 3 71. 39 334.39 Melting point (°C) 278-279 75−78 324.85 243 .10 Boiling point (°C) at 25°C 412 .00 15 7.00 622. 61 565.30 Water solubility (mg l -1) at 25°C 50.00 57,90 439.30 210 .40 Henry’s... 222.70 NQ 275 .19 NQ 15 5.22 13 4 5 NQ 2 511 .63 2439.98 NQ 19 70.58 214 8.06 NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ NQ 2229.30 11 64. 81 193.30 11 70.20 18 8.08 432. 21 212 . 41 1 81. 85 12 4.58 69.29 15 3.38 369 .10 Table 4 The determined concentration of selected pharmaceuticals in waste water on inflow of WWTP Brno-Modřice (ng/l, n =10 ) 2.3 The analysis of musk compounds In view of the physicochemical properties of musk compounds , most... of the WWTP was realized with the main objective to meet the treated wastewater effluent limits set by Czech and European standards and regulations, and to ensure sufficient capacity of the facility to accommodate the growing demand of the city of Brno with almost 500 thousand of 10 Waste Water - Evaluation and Management inhabitants and several industrial facilities, but also of increasing number of... increased analytical sensitivity and selectivity in complex matrices, such as wastewaters (Kot-Wasik et al., 2007) Fig 4 Analytical methods applied for the most common pharmaceuticals in water and wastewater (Fatta et al.,2007) 12 Waste Water - Evaluation and Management Solid phase extraction (SPE) was employed as the separation method for isolation of given pharmaceuticals and high performance liquid chromatography... recovery % Oasis HLB 0. 015 0 0.0042 28.04 ENVI -18 0. 015 0 0.0036 24.23 LC-SAX 0. 015 0 2.37 .10 -5 0 .16 Table 3 Recovery on SPE columns HLB when testing various procedures The pharmaceutical Diclofenac and Ibuprofene were determined at inflow and outflow of WWTP Brno-Modřice The determined concentration of ibuprophene at inflow was 10 18 .14 ng/l and at outflow 19 5.97 ng/l The efficiency of water treatment process . solubility (mg l -1 ) at 25°C 50.00 57,90 439.30 210 .40 Henry’s Law Constant (atm.m 3 .mol -1 ) 5.29 .10 -9 1. 23 .10 -6 2.97 .10 -16 1. 88 .10 -13 Log K OW 1. 56 ∼ 1. 00 1. 45 1. 83 Log K OC . Mohammadi and Alireza Aliarab Wastewater from Table Olive Industries 3 51 G.M. Cappelletti, G.M. Nicoletti and C. Russo Waste Water Management and Environmental Policies 377 Wastewater Management. WASTE WATER ͳ EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag Waste Water - Evaluation and Management Edited by Fernando S. García Einschlag Published