SUPERCONDUCTIVITY – THEORY AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Adir Moysés Luiz Superconductivity – Theory and Applications Edited by Adir Moysés Luiz Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Zhuda, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published June, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Superconductivity – Theory and Applications, Edited by Adir Moysés Luiz p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-151-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Room Temperature Superconductivity 1 Adir Moysés Luiz Chapter 2 Unconventional Superconductivity Realized Near Magnetism in Hydrous Compound Na x (H 3 O) z CoO 2 · yH 2 O 15 Yoshihiko Ihara and Kenji Ishida Chapter 3 Coherent Current States in Two-Band Superconductors 37 Alexander Omelyanchouk Chapter 4 Nonlinear Response of the Static and Dynamic Phases of the Vortex Matter 55 S. S. Banerjee, Shyam Mohan, Jaivardhan Sinha, Yuri Myasoedov, S. Ramakrishnan and A. K. Grover Chapter 5 Energy Dissipation Minimization in Superconducting Circuits 85 Supradeep Narayana and Vasili K. Semenov Chapter 6 Electronic Transport in an NS System with a Pure Normal Channel - Coherent and Spin-Dependent Effects 99 Yu. N. Chiang (Tszyan) Chapter 7 Effects of Impurities on a Noncentrosymmetric Superconductor - Application to CePt 3 Si 129 Heshmatollah Yavari Chapter 8 Foundations of Meissner Superconductor Magnet Mechanisms Engineering 153 Jose Luis Perez-Diaz and Efren Diez-Jimenez Chapter 9 Properties of Macroscopic Quantum Effects and Dynamic Natures of Electrons in Superconductors 173 Pang Xiao-feng VI Contents Chapter 10 FFLO and Vortex States in Superconductors with Strong Paramagnetic Effect 213 M. Ichioka, K.M. Suzuki, Y. Tsutsumi and K. Machida Chapter 11 Development of Josephson Voltage Standards 239 Johannes Kohlmann and Ralf Behr Chapter 12 Critical State Analysis Using Continuous Reading SQUID Magnetometer 261 Zdeněk Janu, Zdeněk Švindrych, Ahmed Youssef and Lucia Baničová Chapter 13 Current Status and Technological Limitations of Hybrid Superconducting-normal Single Electron Transistors 279 Giampiero Amato and Emanuele Enrico Chapter 14 Photonic Band Structure and Transmittance of the Superconductor Photonic Crystal 301 Ting-Hang Pei and Yang-Tung Huang Chapter 15 Electrodynamics of High Pinning Superconductors 329 Klimenko E.Yu. Preface Superconductivity was discovered 1911 by Kamerlingh Onnes. During the last centu- ry, the history of superconductivity has been full of theoretical challenges and practi- cal developments. In 1986, the discovery of Bednorz and Müller of an oxide supercon- ductor with critical temperature (Tc) approximately equal to 35 K, has given a novel impetus to this fascinating subject. Since this discovery, there are a great number of la- boratories all over the world involved in research of superconductors with high Tc values, the so-called “high-Tc superconductors”. The discovery of a room temperature superconductor has been a long-standing dream of many scientists. The technological and practical applications of such a discovery should be tremendous. However, the ac- tual use of superconducting devices is limited by the fact that they must be cooled to low temperatures to become superconducting. Until 2011, one hundred years after the first Kamerlingh Onnes' discovery, the highest Tc value is approximately equal to 135 K at 1 atm. The knowledge of the microscopic mechanisms of high-Tc superconductors should be a theoretical guide in the researches of room temperature superconductivity. This book contains 15 chapters reporting interesting researches about theoretical and experimental aspects of superconductivity. Here you will find a great number of works containing theories and describing properties of high-Tc superconductors (ma- terials with Tc > 30 K). In a few chapters there are also discussions about low-Tc super- conductors (materials with Tc < 30 K). The plan of this book is: Chapter 1 contains theoretical discussions about the possibility of room temperature superconductivity. In the chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 are discussed interesting theories about physical proper- ties of superconductors. Chapter 6 presents report about the electronic transport in an NS system with a pure normal channel. In chapter 7 can be found a theoretical discussion concerning the effects of impurities on a noncentrosymmetric superconductor. X Preface Chapter 8 contains a research about the Meissner effect and the use of superconduc- tors as magnets. Chapter 9 is a report about the properties of macroscopic quantum effects in super- conductors. Chapter 10 presents theoretical discussions concerning the vortex state of supercon- ductors. In Chapter 11 the development of Josephson voltage standards is analyzed. Chapter 12 contains critical state analysis using a SQUID magnetometer. Chapter 13 is a theoretical discussion about superconducting transistors. Chapter 14 presents some physical properties of the superconductor photonic crystal. Finally, in chapter 15 you can find a theoretical discussion about the electrodynamics of high pinning superconductors. I expect that this book will be useful to encourage further experimental and theoretical research of superconductivity. Adir Moysés Luiz Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Brazil [...]... with Tc = 1. 5 K (Sleight, 19 95) In 19 75 it was discovered the oxide superconductor BaPb0.7Bi0.3O3 (Sleight et al., 19 75) with Tc = 13 K Superconductor NbO KxWO3 LiTi2 + xO4 BaPb1 - xBi xO3 La2 - xBaxCuO4 YBa2Cu3O7 - x Ba1 - xKxBiO3 BiSrCaCu2O6 + x Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O9 + x HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 + x NdFeAsO1-x Year 19 33 19 67 19 73 19 75 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 88 19 88 19 93 2008 TC 1. 5 6.0 1. 2 13 30 90 30 10 5 11 0 13 0 54 Reference... J (19 88) A comparative study of (bi)polaronic (super)conductivity in high- and low-Tc superconducting oxides Physica C: Superconductivity, 15 2, pp 17 1- 216 Emin, D (19 91) Large bipolarons and superconductivity Physica C: Superconductivity, 18 518 9, Part 3, pp 15 93 -15 94 Foltin, J (19 88) Attractive interaction between electrons: An electron-pairing mechanism for superconductivity Phys Review B, 38, 15 ,... Blatt, J M (19 62) Qualitative arguments concerning the Bose-Einstein condensation of fermion pairs Progress of Theoretical Physics, 27, pp 11 37 -11 42 Callaway, J.; Kanhere, D G & Misra, P K (19 87) Polarization-induced pairing in hightemperature superconductivity Phys Rev B, 3, 13 , pp 714 1- 714 4 12 Superconductivity – Theory and Applications Canright, J S & Vignale, G (19 89) Superconductivity and acoustic... information 10 Superconductivity – Theory and Applications Superconductor Ba0 .15 La1.85CuOx La2CuOx YBa2Cu3Ox YBa2Cu4Ox Sr2CuOx HgBa2Ca2Cu3Ox Predicted x = 4 .1 x = 4.2 x = 7.0 x = 8.2 x = 3 .17 x = 8.5 Measured x = 4.0 x = 4 .1 x = 6.9 x = 8.0 x = 3 .16 x = 8.4 REFERENCE Bednorz & Müller, 19 86 Schirber et al., 19 88 Kokkallaris et al. ,19 99 Rao et al., 19 93 Hiroi et al., 19 93 Hung et al., 19 97 Table 2 Comparison... technology 10 References Alexandrov, A S & Edwards, P P (2000) High Tc cuprates: a new electronic state of matter? Physica C, 3 31, pp 97 -11 2 Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L N & Schrieffer, J R (19 57) Theory of superconductivity Phys Rev , 10 8, 5, pp 11 75 -12 04 Bednorz, J G & Müller, K A (19 86) Possible high Tc superconductivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O system Zeitschrift fur Physik B, Condensed Matter, 64, 2, pp 18 9 -19 3 Blatt,... 15 , pp 10 900 -10 902 Ganguly, P & Hegde, M S (19 88) Evidence for double valence fluctuation in metallic oxides of lead Phys Rev B; 37, 10 , pp 510 7- 511 1 Hase, I & Yanagisawa, T (2008) Electronic states of valence-skipping compounds Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 10 8, 012 011 , pp 1- 4 Hiroi, Z.; Takano M.; Azuma, M & Takeda, Y (19 93) A new family of copper oxide superconductors Srn+1CunO2n +1+  stabilized... 11 0 13 0 54 Reference Sleight, 19 95 Remeika et al., 19 67 Johnston et al., 19 73 Sleight et al., 19 75 Bednorz & Müller, 19 86 Wu et al., 19 87 Cava et al. ,19 88 Maeda et al., 19 88 Shimakawa et al., 19 88 Schilling & Cantoni, 19 93 Yang et al., 2008 Table 1 List of the most relevant superconductors containing oxygen in chronological order In 19 86, the oxide superconductor Ba0 .15 La1.85CuO4 with Tc = 30 K has been... Navrotsky, A (19 92) Nature of hole states in cuprate superconductors Journal of Solid State Chemistry., 10 1, pp 17 3 -18 5 Petrucci, R H.; Harwood, W S & Herring, F G (2000) General Chemistry - Principles and Modern Applications, Eighth Edition., Prentice Hall, ISBN 0 -13 - 014 329-4, New Jersey Ranninger, J (19 94) The polaron scenario for high Tc superconductivity Physica C: Superconductivity, 235-240, Part 1, pp... Igarashi, H (19 88) Ritveld analysis of Tl2Ba2Can-1CunO4 + n (n = 1, 2, 3) by powder X-ray diffraction Physica C: Superconductivity, 15 6, 1 (1 August 19 88), pp 97 -10 2 Silvera, I F (19 97) Bose-Einstein condensation American Journal of Physics, 65, 570-574 Sleight, A W.; Gilson, J L & Bierstedt, P E (19 75) High-temperature superconductivity in the BaPb1 - xBi xO3 system Solid State Commun., 17 , pp 27-28... 6435, pp 315 - 317 Hirsch, J E (19 91) Bose condensation versus pair unbinding in short-coherence-length superconductors Physica C: Superconductivity, 17 9, pp 317 -332 Hung, K C.; Lam, C.; Shao, H M.; Wang, S D & Yao, X X.; (19 97) Enhancement in flux pining and irreversibility field by means of a short time annealing technique for HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8.4 superconductor Superc Science Technology, 10 , 11 , pp 836-842 . = 13 K. Superconductor Year T C Reference NbO 19 33 1. 5 Sleight, 19 95 K x WO 3 19 67 6.0 Remeika et al., 19 67 LiTi 2 + x O 4 19 73 1. 2 Johnston et al., 19 73 BaPb 1 - x Bi x O 3 19 75. BiSrCaCu 2 O 6 + x 19 88 10 5 Maeda et al., 19 88 Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 9 + x 19 88 11 0 Shimakawa et al., 19 88 HgBa 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 8 + x 19 93 13 0 Schilling & Cantoni, 19 93 NdFeAsO 1- x 2008 54. x O 3 19 75 13 Sleight et al., 19 75 La 2 - x Ba x CuO 4 19 86 30 Bednorz & Müller, 19 86 YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 - x 19 87 90 Wu et al., 19 87 Ba 1 - x K x BiO 3 19 88 30 Cava et al. ,19 88 BiSrCaCu 2 O 6