[...]... the status of wastewater collection and treatment and disposal or reuse of sludge The Directive is based on a number of principles that have been laid down in the Treaty of the European Union, such as precautionary, nondeterioration, sustainable use of water resources, and principle of subsidiary The implementation of the Directive should not result in deterioration of the current level of environmental... source and the improvement of quality of surface waters It is expected that the underlying principles of the UWWTD will be further strengthened and improved when implementing the WFD and by using an integrated approach Extending the control of wastewater discharges from end -of- pipe to using an integrated approach and meeting water quality standards and objectives to achieve good ecological status of surface... programmes for eliminating and reducing the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries and improving sanitary condition of surface and groundwater (CWA, Sections 1251– 1252) The Act authorizes water quality programmes, requires federal effluent limitations and state water quality standards and permits for the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters, provides enforcement mechanisms, and authorizes funding... outlines a programme of grants to state, municipalities or intermunicipal or interstate agencies for the construction of publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) Title III ‘Standards and Enforcement’ of the Act deals with regulation of emission limit values and water quality standards The Act prohibits discharge of pollutants except in compliance with emission limit values and other provisions of the Act Effluent... limitations and state water quality standards [Regulations and guidance on water quality standards are developed by the EPA and are contained in the 40 CFR part 131 (http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/).] Parameters and parametric values The CWA together with the NPDES sets up the pollutants to be controlled and issues the criteria and standards for the NPDES (The latest version of criteria as of 10 January... wastewater discharges are determined in terms of amounts of constituents and chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of pollutants, the degree of effluent reduction attainable through: (i) application of pollutant control technology currently available for classes and categories of industrial point sources; (ii) guidelines for pretreatment of pollutants; and (iii) individual control strategies... construction grants and state revolving loan programmes, as well as funding of states’ and tribes’ water quality programmes Provisions also address water quality problems in specific regions and specific waterways Title II ‘Grants for Construction of Treatment Works’ of the CWA deals with the regulation of wastewater treatment management plans and grants The Act requires development and implementation of the wastewater... The current version of the CWA consists of six main titles (International, EC and US Environmental Law; Sands, 2002; Kramer 2003): r Title I – Research and Related Programmes (Sections 1251–1271 of 33 US CFR, 18 October 1972) r Title II – Grants for Construction of Treatment Works (Sections 1281–1299) r Title III – Standards and Enforcement (Sections 1311–1330) r Title IV – Permits and Licenses (Sections... standards of performance for the control of discharge of pollutants from new sources When discharges of pollutants from a point source or group of point sources under established emission limit values would have an adverse effect on the receiving water body or on maintenance of water quality necessary to assure protection of public health, public water supplies, agricultural and industrial uses, and. .. impact of every wastewater discharge on the quality of the receiving water must be considered – For industrial (and other nonmunicipal) facilities, technology-based effluent limits are derived by using: (i) national emission limit values guidelines and standards established by the EPA; and/ or (ii) best professional judgement (BPJ) on a case-by-case basis in the absence of national guidelines and standards . Monitoring in Rural Areas 145 Ann van Griensven and V´eronique Vandenberghe 3.1 Elements of Modelling and Control of Urban Wastewater Treatment Systems 161 Olivier Potier and Marie-No¨elle Pons 3.2. 18, 2006 10 :42 Char Count= 0 viii Series Preface monitoring of various types of waters (river, wastewater, groundwater) will also be considered. This book Wastewater Quality Monitoring and Treatment. sixth one of the series; it has been written by experts in wastewater policy, treatment and analyti- cal science and offers the reader an overview of existing knowledge and trends in wastewater monitoring