[...]... to be in shock is aortic dissection until proved otherwise Reference Pretre R et al: Aortic dissection Lancet 19 97;349 :14 61 [PMID: 94 613 34] 1 Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click Here for Terms of Use 2 Essentials of Diagnosis & Treatment Pulmonary Stenosis 1 I Essentials of Diagnosis • A congenital disorder causing symptoms only when transpulmonary valve gradient is > 50 mm Hg • Exertional... septal defect Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69 :14 96 [PMID: 10 8 818 29] 1 6 Essentials of Diagnosis & Treatment Patent Ductus Arteriosus 1 I Essentials of Diagnosis • Caused by failure of closure of embryonic ductus arteriosus with continuous blood flow from aorta to pulmonary artery • Symptoms are those of left ventricular failure or pulmonary hypertension; many complaint-free • Widened pulse pressure, a loud... at both the aortic area and the apex, with no murmur at the left lower sternal border Reference Otto CM: Timing of aortic valve surgery Heart 2000;84: 211 [PMID: 10 908267] 1 10 Essentials of Diagnosis & Treatment Aortic Regurgitation 1 I Essentials of Diagnosis • Causes include congenital bicuspid valve, endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, Marfan’s syndrome, aortic dissection, ankylosing spondylitis,... associated with tricuspid stenosis Reference Blaustein AS et al: Tricuspid valve disease Clinical evaluation, physiopathology, and management Cardiol Clin 19 98 ;16 :5 51 [PMID: 9742330] 1 12 Essentials of Diagnosis & Treatment Tricuspid Regurgitation 1 I Essentials of Diagnosis • Causes include infective endocarditis, right ventricular heart failure, carcinoid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Ebstein’s... aggressive anticoagulation is being contemplated Reference Ambrose JA et al: Unstable angina: current concepts of pathogenesis and treatment Arch Intern Med 2000 ;16 0:25 [PMID: 10 632302] 1 16 Essentials of Diagnosis & Treatment Acute Myocardial Infarction 1 I Essentials of Diagnosis • Prolonged (> 30 minutes) chest pain, associated with shortness of breath, nausea, left arm or neck pain, and diaphoresis;... is more commonly multifocal atrial tachycardia than atrial fibrillation Reference McCord J et al: Multifocal atrial tachycardia Chest 19 98 ;11 3:203 [PMID: 94405 91] 1 20 Essentials of Diagnosis & Treatment Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT) 1 I Essentials of Diagnosis • A group of arrhythmias including supraventricular reentrant tachycardia (over 90% of cases), automatic atrial tachycardia,... hypertrophy: evaluate for treatment • Prognosis for those with mild disease is good I Pearl Flushing with the murmur as described raises the issue of carcinoid syndrome Reference Gibbs JL: Interventional catheterisation Opening up I: the ventricular outflow tracts and great arteries Heart 2000;83 :11 1 [PMID: 10 618 3 51] Chapter 1 Cardiovascular Diseases 3 Aortic Coarctation I Essentials of Diagnosis • Elevated... beta-hemolytic streptococcal infections until age 25 and for infective endocarditis for lifetime I Pearl Occasional patients have hoarseness due to recurrent laryngeal nerve compression between aorta and pulmonary artery Reference Bruce CJ et al: Clinical assessment and management of mitral stenosis Cardiol Clin 19 98 ;16 :375 [PMID: 9742320] 1 8 Essentials of Diagnosis & Treatment Mitral Regurgitation 1. .. failure is caused by leftsided failure Reference Waller BF et al: Pathology of tricuspid valve stenosis and pure tricuspid regurgitation Part II Clin Cardiol 19 95 ;18 :16 7 [PMID: 7743689] Chapter 1 Cardiovascular Diseases 13 Angina Pectoris I Essentials of Diagnosis • Pressure-like episodic precordial chest discomfort, precipitated by exertion or stress, relieved by rest or nitrates • Generally caused by atherosclerotic... inhibitors); digoxin, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers control ventricular response with atrial fibrillation, and warfarin anticoagulation should be given I Pearl An overlooked physical sign in mitral regurgitation is a rapid up-anddown carotid pulse Reference Cooper HA et al: Treatment of chronic mitral regurgitation Am Heart J 19 98 ;13 5(6 Part 1) :925 [PMID: 9630095] Chapter 1 Cardiovascular Diseases . 2000;83 :11 1. [PMID: 10 618 3 51] 2 Essentials of Diagnosis & Treatment 1 • Sleep apnea • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • Eisenmenger’s syndrome Aortic Coarctation ■ Essentials of Diagnosis •. prior written permission of the publisher. 0-0 7 -1 3950 0-8 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-0 7 -1 37826-X. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective. appearing to be in shock is aortic dis- section until proved otherwise. Reference Pretre R et al: Aortic dissection. Lancet 19 97;349 :14 61. [PMID: 94 613 34] 1 • Pneumothorax • Pulmonary embolism •